Institution
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton
About: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Thermohaline circulation & Climate change. The organization has 1336 authors who have published 3413 publications receiving 138873 citations.
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TL;DR: 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle are used to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
Abstract: Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms—such as corals and some plankton—will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
4,244 citations
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National Oceanography Centre, Southampton1, Stanford University2, Bar-Ilan University3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, University of Otago5, University of Tasmania6, McGill University7, University of Essex8, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University9, ETH Zurich10, University of East Anglia11, University of Exeter12, Cornell University13, University of Vigo14, University of Pennsylvania15, University of California, Irvine16, Nagoya University17, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences18, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution19, University of Bergen20, University of Tokyo21, University of Concepción22
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reveal two broad regimes of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the modern upper ocean: Nitrogen availability tends to limit productivity throughout much of the surface low-latitude ocean, where the supply of nutrients from the subsurface is relatively slow.
Abstract: Microbial activity is a fundamental component of oceanic nutrient cycles. Photosynthetic microbes, collectively termed phytoplankton, are responsible for the vast majority of primary production in marine waters. The availability of nutrients in the upper ocean frequently limits the activity and abundance of these organisms. Experimental data have revealed two broad regimes of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the modern upper ocean. Nitrogen availability tends to limit productivity throughout much of the surface low-latitude ocean, where the supply of nutrients from the subsurface is relatively slow. In contrast, iron often limits productivity where subsurface nutrient supply is enhanced, including within the main oceanic upwelling regions of the Southern Ocean and the eastern equatorial Pacific. Phosphorus, vitamins and micronutrients other than iron may also (co-)limit marine phytoplankton. The spatial patterns and importance of co-limitation, however, remain unclear. Variability in the stoichiometries of nutrient supply and biological demand are key determinants of oceanic nutrient limitation. Deciphering the mechanisms that underpin this variability, and the consequences for marine microbes, will be a challenge. But such knowledge will be crucial for accurately predicting the consequences of ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to oceanic nutrient biogeochemistry.
1,516 citations
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University of Otago1, University of East Anglia2, Wellington Management Company3, Massachusetts Institute of Technology4, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution5, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories6, Dalhousie University7, Université libre de Bruxelles8, Laval University9, Plymouth Marine Laboratory10, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton11, Memorial University of Newfoundland12, Princeton University13, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research14, University of Tokyo15
TL;DR: The findings of these 12 FeAXs reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system.
Abstract: Since the mid-1980s, our understanding of nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production has radically changed. Mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAXs) have unequivocally shown that iron supply limits production in one-third of the world ocean, where surface macronutrient concentrations are perennially high. The findings of these 12 FeAXs also reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system. However, extrapolation of the key results of FeAXs to regional and seasonal scales in some cases is limited because of differing modes of iron supply in FeAXs and in the modern and paleo-oceans. New research directions include quantification of the coupling of oceanic iron and carbon biogeochemistry.
1,269 citations
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TL;DR: The Operational Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) as discussed by the authors system uses satellite SST data provided by international agencies via the Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST) Regional/Global Task Sharing (R/GTS) framework.
977 citations
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TL;DR: It is found that most terrestrial ectotherms are insufficiently tolerant of high temperatures to survive the warmest potential body temperatures in exposed habitats and must therefore thermoregulate by using shade, burrows, or evaporative cooling and show why heat-tolerance limits are relatively invariant in comparison with cold limits.
Abstract: Physiological thermal-tolerance limits of terrestrial ectotherms often exceed local air temperatures, implying a high degree of thermal safety (an excess of warm or cold thermal tolerance). However, air temperatures can be very different from the equilibrium body temperature of an individual ectotherm. Here, we compile thermal-tolerance limits of ectotherms across a wide range of latitudes and elevations and compare these thermal limits both to air and to operative body temperatures (theoretically equilibrated body temperatures) of small ectothermic animals during the warmest and coldest times of the year. We show that extreme operative body temperatures in exposed habitats match or exceed the physiological thermal limits of most ectotherms. Therefore, contrary to previous findings using air temperatures, most ectotherms do not have a physiological thermal-safety margin. They must therefore rely on behavior to avoid overheating during the warmest times, especially in the lowland tropics. Likewise, species living at temperate latitudes and in alpine habitats must retreat to avoid lethal cold exposure. Behavioral plasticity of habitat use and the energetic consequences of thermal retreats are therefore critical aspects of species’ vulnerability to climate warming and extreme events.
874 citations
Authors
Showing all 1336 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Mark E. Cooper | 158 | 1463 | 124887 |
Peter H. Howarth | 89 | 378 | 27885 |
Myles R. Allen | 82 | 295 | 32668 |
Eelco J. Rohling | 79 | 237 | 20795 |
Stephen J. Hawkins | 78 | 351 | 21942 |
Flemming R. Cassee | 74 | 259 | 16084 |
Gurvan Madec | 71 | 237 | 21512 |
Andrew P. Roberts | 70 | 315 | 18281 |
Nicholas R. Bates | 67 | 194 | 16696 |
Donna E. Davies | 67 | 253 | 17322 |
David W. Sims | 65 | 198 | 13893 |
Ransom A. Myers | 64 | 123 | 21485 |
Eric P. Achterberg | 63 | 326 | 12631 |
Gavin L. Foster | 61 | 182 | 12524 |
Martin R. Palmer | 61 | 203 | 14166 |