Showing papers by "University of Hawaii published in 1991"

Free software helps map and display data

Abstract: When creating camera-ready figures, most scientists are familiar with the sequence of raw data → processing → final illustration and with the spending of large sums of money to finalize papers for submission to scientific journals, prepare proposals, and create overheads and slides for various presentations. This process can be tedious and is often done manually, since available commercial or in-house software usually can do only part of the job. To expedite this process, we introduce the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), which is a free, public domain software package that can be used to manipulate columns of tabular data, time series, and gridded data sets and to display these data in a variety of forms ranging from simple x-y plots to maps and color, perspective, and shaded-relief illustrations. GMT uses the PostScript page description language, which can create arbitrarily complex images in gray tones or 24-bit true color by superimposing multiple plot files. Line drawings, bitmapped images, and text can be easily combined in one illustration. PostScript plot files are device-independent, meaning the same file can be printed at 300 dots per inch (dpi) on an ordinary laserwriter or at 2470 dpi on a phototypesetter when ultimate quality is needed. GMT software is written as a set of UNIX tools and is totally self contained and fully documented. The system is offered free of charge to federal agencies and nonprofit educational organizations worldwide and is distributed over the computer network Internet.

Photosynthetic quotients, new production and net community production in the open ocean

Abstract: Based on balanced chemical equations for the production of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids from inorganic precursors and reported estimates of the composition of microalgal biomass, the photosynthetic quotients (PQs) for new and recycled production are estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Reports that the PQs for new production is 1.8 or higher appear to result from comparisons of gross oxygen production to net CO2 assimilation. Available experimental data suggest that net community carbon production and new production of carbon in the ocean differ by less than 10%. Evidence indicates that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) in the organic matter exported from the photic zone exceeds the Redfield ratio of 5.7 by weight, regardless of whether the organic matter is exported in the form of dissolved organics or passively or actively transported particulates. Hence scaling nitrate uptake by the Redfield ratio to estimate net community carbon production will tend to underestimate the export of organic carbon from the photic zone, the magnitude of the probable error being roughly 15–30%.

Carotenoids enhance gap junctional communication and inhibit lipid peroxidation in C3H/10T1/2 cells: relationship to their cancer chemopreventive action.

Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that diverse carotenoids inhibit chemically induced neoplastic transformation in 10T1/2 cells. To address their mechanism of action, the effects of six diverse carotenoids, with or without provitamin A activity, on gap junctional communication and lipid peroxidation have been investigated. beta-Carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, lycopene and alpha-carotene increased gap junctional intercellular communication in a dose-dependent manner in the above order of potency, whereas m-bixin was inactive at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. alpha-Tocopherol, a potent chain-breaking antioxidant, caused a marginal enhancement of junctional communication. The enhancement of junctional communication by diverse carotenoids showed a strong statistical correlation with their previously determined ability to inhibit methylcholanthrene-induced neoplastic transformation (r = -0.75). All carotenoids tested inhibited lipid peroxidation, but with differing potencies. alpha-Tocopherol was the most active inhibitor followed by m-bixin. The capacity of carotenoids or alpha-tocopherol to inhibit lipid peroxidation was neither consistent with their ability to inhibit neoplastic transformation (r = 0.30) nor to increase junctional communication (r = 0.12). Since junctional communication appears to play an important role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis, we propose that in this system carotenoid-enhanced intercellular communication provides a mechanistic basis for the cancer chemopreventive action of carotenoids. These data also imply that carotenoids function in a manner analogous to retinoids in the 10T1/2 assay system. Interestingly this activity appears independent of their provitamin A status.

Mechanism of Aluminum Tolerance in Snapbeans: Root Exudation of Citric Acid

Abstract: One proposed mechanism of aluminum (Al) tolerance in plants is the release of an Al-chelating compound into the rhizosphere. In this experiment, two cultivars of snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. “Romano” and “Dade”) that differ in Al tolerance were grown hydroponically with and without Al under aseptic conditions. After growth in nutrient solutions for 8 days, aliphatic and phenolic organic acids were analyzed in the culture solutions with an ion chromatograph and a high pressure liquid chromatograph. The tolerant snapbean, “Dade”, when exposed to Al, exuded citric acid into the rhizosphere in a concentration that was 70 times as great as that of “Dade” grown without Al, and 10 times as great as that of “Romano” grown with or without Al. The sensitive cultivar, “Romano”, exuded only slightly more citric acid into the growing medium under Al-stress, compared to nonstressed conditions. Citric acid is known to chelate Al strongly and to reverse its phytotoxic effects. Also, citric acid has been shown previously to enhance the availability of phosphorus (P) from insoluble Al phosphates. Thus, one mechanism of Al-tolerance in snapbeans appears to be the exudation of citric acid into the rhizosphere, induced either by toxic levels of Al or by low P due to the precipitation of insoluble Al phosphates. Our experiment was not able to distinguish between these two factors; however, tolerance to both primary and secondary Al-stress injuries are important for plants growing in Al-toxic soils.

Influence of the size of indigenous rhizobial populations on establishment and symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia on field-grown legumes.

Abstract: Indigenous rhizobia in soil present a competition barrier to the establishment of inoculant strains, possibly leading to inoculation failure. In this study, we used the natural diversity of rhizobial species and numbers in our fields to define, in quantitative terms, the relationship between indigenous rhizobial populations and inoculation response. Eight standardized inoculation trials were conducted at five well-characterized field sites on the island of Maui, Hawaii. Soil rhizobial populations ranged from 0 to over 3.5 × 104 g of soil-1 for the different legumes used. At each site, no less than four but as many as seven legume species were planted from among the following: soybean (Glycine max), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Leucaena leucocephala, tinga pea (Lathyrus tingeatus), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and clover (Trifolium repens). Each legume was (i) inoculated with an equal mixture of three effective strains of homologous rhizobia, (ii) fertilized at high rates with urea, or (iii) left uninoculated. For soybeans, a nonnodulating isoline was used in all trials as the rhizobia-negative control. Inoculation increased economic yield for 22 of the 29 (76%) legume species-site combinations. While the yield increase was greater than 100 kg ha-1 in all cases, in only 11 (38%) of the species-site combinations was the increase statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). On average, inoculation increased yield by 62%. Soybean (G. max) responded to inoculation most frequently, while cowpea (V. unguiculata) failed to respond in all trials. Inoculation responses in the other legumes were site dependent. The response to inoculation and the competitive success of inoculant rhizobia were inversely related to numbers of indigenous rhizobia. As few as 50 rhizobia g of soil-1 eliminated inoculation response. When fewer than 10 indigenous rhizobia g of soil-1 were present, economic yield was significantly increased 85% of the time. Yield was significantly increased in only 6% of the observations when numbers of indigenous rhizobia were greater than 10 cells g of soil-1. A significant response to N application, significant increases in nodule parameters, and greater than 50% nodule occupancy by inoculant rhizobia did not necessarily coincide with significant inoculation responses. No less than a doubling of nodule mass and 66% nodule occupancy by inoculant rhizobia were required to significantly increase the yield of inoculated crops over that of uninoculated crops. However, lack of an inoculation response was common even when inoculum strains occupied the majority of nodules. In these trials, the symbiotic yield of crops was, on average, only 88% of the maximum yield potential, as defined by the fertilizer N treatment. The difference between the yield of N-fertilized crops and that of N2-fixing crops indicates a potential for improving inoculation technology, the N2 fixation capacity of rhizobial strains, and the efficiency of symbiosis. In this study, we show that the probability of enhancing yield with existing inoculation technology decreases dramatically with increasing numbers of indigenous rhizobia.

Interstellar solid CO: polar and nonpolar interstellar ices.

Abstract: Observations of the solid-CO lines corresponding to particular protostars are compared with respect to peak position and width and contrasted with the solid CO bands derived experimentally for astrophysical mixtures Most lines of sight reveal narrow and broad observational solid-CO components; the narrow band appears when nonpolar molecules are dominant When the concentration of CO is greater than 03 the 'surface modes' of the protostars are responsible for the position and shape of the CO fundamental Some variations of the parameters are related to the composition and/or morphology of the grains particularly at the interstellar 2140/cm line Grain mantles are theorized to be composed of both a polar and a nonpolar mixtures which reflect the chemical variations associated with accretion

Measurement of atmospheric neutrino composition with the IMB-3 detector.

Abstract: The atmospheric neutrino flux is measured using a 3.4-kt yr exposure of the IMB-3 detector. Single-ring events are classified as showering or nonshowering using the geometry of the \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov pattern. A simulation of neutrino interactions and three models of atmospheric neutrino production are used to predict the composition of the sample. Showering-nonshowering character is strongly correlated with the flavor of the neutrino parent. In the lepton momentum range p1500 MeV/c, we find that nonshowering events comprise [41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2syst]% of the total. The fraction expected is [51\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5(syst)]%.

The interstellar C-H stretching band near 3.4 microns - Constraints on the composition of organic material in the diffuse interstellar medium

Abstract: The composition and history of dust in the diffuse ISM was studied using 3600-2700/cm absorption spectra of objects which have widely varying amounts of visual extinctions along different lines of sight. The 3300/cm and 2950/cm features are attributed to O-H and C-H stretching vibrations, respectively. The O-H feature in OH 32.8-0.3 is suggestive of circumstellar water ice and is probably not due to material in the diffuse ISM. The features in the 3100-2700/cm region are attributed either to C-H vibrations or to M stars. The spectra of the latter show a series of narrow features in this region that are identified with photospheric OH. Objects in which these bands are seen include OH 01-477, T629-5, and the Galactic center source IRS 7. The C-H stretch feature of diffuse ISM dust has subpeaks which fall within 5/cm of C-H stretching vibrations in the -CH2- and -CH3 groups of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mantle plume volcanism

Abstract: The timing of flood basalt volcanism associated with formation of the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) is estimated from paleomagnetic and paleontologic data. Much of OJP formed rapidly in less than 3 million years during the early Aptian, at the beginning of the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron. Crustal emplacement rates are inferred to have been several times those of the Deccan Traps. These estimates are consistent with an origin of the OJP by impingement at the base of the oceanic lithosphere by the head of a large mantle plume. Formation of the OJP may have led to a rise in sea level that induced global oceanic anoxia. Carbon dioxide emissions likely contributed to the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse climate but did not provoke major biologic extinctions.

Zeaxanthin Formation and Energy-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching in Pea Chloroplasts under Artificially Mediated Linear and Cyclic Electron Transport

Abstract: Artificially mediated linear (methylviologen) and cyclic (phenazine methosulfate) electron transport induced zeaxanthin-dependent and independent (constitutive) nonphotochemical quenching in osmotically shocked chloroplasts of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Oregon). Nonphotochemical quenching was quantitated as Stern-Volmer quenching (SVN) calculated as (Fm/F′m)-1 where Fm is the fluorescence intensity with all PSII reaction centers closed in a nonenergized, dark-adapted state and F′m is the fluorescence intensity with all PSII reaction centers closed in an energized state. Reversal of quenching by nigericin and electron-transport inhibitors showed that both quenching types were energy-dependent SVN. Under light-induced saturating ΔpH, constitutive-SVN reached steady-state in about 1 minute whereas zeaxanthin-SVN continued to develop for several minutes in parallel with the slow kinetics of violaxanthin deepoxidation. SVN above the constitutive level and relative zeaxanthin concentration showed high linear correlations at steady-state and during induction. Furthermore, Fo quenching, also treated as Stern-Volmer quenching (SVO) and calculated as (Fo/F′o)-1, showed high correlation with zeaxanthin and consequently with SVN (Fo and F′o are fluorescence intensities with all PSII reaction centers in nonenergized and energized states, respectively). These results support the view that zeaxanthin increases SVN above the constitutive level in a concentration-dependent manner and that zeaxanthin-dependent SVN occurs in the pigment bed. Preforming zeaxanthin increased the rate and extent of SVN, indicating that slow events other than the amount of zeaxanthin also affect final zeaxanthin-SVN expression. The redox state of the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II did not appear to determine SVN. Antimycin, when added while chloroplasts were in a dark-adapted or nonenergized state, inhibited both zeaxanthin-SVN and constitutive-SVN induced by linear and cyclic electron transport. These similarities, including possible constitutive Fo quenching, suggest that zeaxanthin-dependent and constitutive SVN are mechanistically related.

Diverse carotenoids protect against chemically induced neoplastic transformation.

Abstract: The ability of diverse carotenoid to inhibit methylcholanthrene-induced transformation of 10T1/2 cells has been investigated. When delivered using tetrahydrofuran as a novel solvent, all carotenoids were absorbed by cultured cells. When continuously administered to methylcholanthrene-treated cultures 7 days after removal of the carcinogen, canthaxanthin, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and lycopene inhibited the production of transformed foci in a dose-dependent manner in the above order of potency. This activity was not associated with drug toxicity or antiproliferative effects. Renierapurpurin and bixin did not inhibit transformation at concentrations less than or equal to 10(-5) M. Lutein was inhibitory at 10(-5) M, but was inactive at lower concentrations. Because of differences in stability in culture medium (alpha-carotene less than beta-carotene less than canthaxanthin less than lycopene less than lutein) and structure, cellular levels of drug differed up to 8-fold after administration of identical concentrations of compounds. Carotenoids with polar groups achieved highest cellular levels, however cellular uptake did not correlate with activity. For example, lutein, the most polar and most stable, reached the highest concentration in cells yet required a concentration of 10(-5) M for activity in the transformation assay, while alpha-carotene, the least stable and least concentrated by cells, was comparably active at 3 X 10(6) M. alpha-Tocopherol, a potent lipid-phase antioxidant, was as active as lycopene in the transformation assay but at a 10-fold higher concentration did not approach the activity of beta-carotene or canthaxanthin. Because the most potent of the carotenoids tested (i.e. beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, canthaxanthin) all have the potential for conversion to retinoids (though this has never been demonstrated in mammals for canthaxanthin), it is suggested that these compounds have two components to their action; one related to their antioxidant properties, the other to their pro-vitamin A activities.

Soil : the environmental source of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in Hawaii's streams

Abstract: The concentrations and sources of Escherichia coli and enterococci in a typical stream (Manoa) in Hawaii were determined. The concentrations of these two sanitary indicator bacteria in Manoa Stream consistently exceeded the new U.S. Environment Protection Agency recreational water standard in freshwater of 126E. coli/100 mL or 33 enterococci/ 100 mL. Escherichia coli but not enterococci was shown to multiply in stream water samples. Soil samples obtained near the stream bank, 10 m from the stream bank as well as from a grassy area on the university campus, were determined to be sources of both E. coli and enterococci. These indicator bacteria were recovered from the surface of the soil as well as from soil samples at depths down to 36 cm. Soil is considered the most likely source for the high concentrations of indicator bacteria naturally present in the freshwater streams of Hawaii.

Large mitochondrial DNA differences between morphologically similar Penaeid shrimp.

Abstract: Sequencing of mtDNA fragments amplified with the polymerase chain reaction is used to examine genetic differences between species of Penaeid shrimp. The data show surprisingly high genetic differences among morphologically and ecologically similar species. Differences at silent sites between subgenera of shrimp are larger than between families of mammals. Between genera, Penaeid shrimp are more divergent than some orders of mammals. Because taxonomic differences are defined on morphological grounds, these results imply that the rates of molecular versus morphological evolution in shrimp are different than in mammals. Perhaps mtDNA evolution is accelerated in shrimp, or perhaps stabilizing selection over a long time period has reduced rates of morphological change. For Penaeid shrimp, morphological similarity can mask large genetic differences.

Ecological dynamics in the subarctic Pacific, a possibly iron-limited ecosystem

Abstract: It has been suggested that production in offshore waters of the subarctic Pacific is limited by availability of dissolved Fe. Although that is not yet adequately established, the functional consequences of the limitation (if it exists) can be characterized from the results of the Subarctic Pacific Ecosystem Research (SUPER) program. Fe limitation, or something like it, establishes a phytoplankton community dominated by very small cells. These plants are not limited by Fe availability. Rather, their production is limited by their stock and available illumination. Stock is set by microzooplankton grazers with rapid population growth rates and, thus, rapid response to increases in phytoplankton abundance. Micrograzers provide efficient recycling of nitrogen as NH,, and the ready availability of NH, sharply limits the annual utilization of NO,. Persistently high NO, concentrations result. Other possibly Fe-limited, oceanic ecosystems with persistently high, near-surface nutrients require similar, detailed analysis of ecosystem function.

Multiple nucleotide-binding sites in the sequence of dynein β heavy chain

Abstract: AXONEMAL dyneins have two or three globular heads joined by flexible tails to a common base, with each head/tail unit consisting of a single heavy-chain polypeptide of relative molecular mass >400,000. The sizes of the components have been deduced by electron microscopy1–3. The isolated β heavy chain of sea urchin sperm flagella, which is immunologically identical to that of the embryo cilia (data not shown; ref. 4), is of particular interest as it retains the capability for microtubule translocation in vitro5,6. Limited proteolysis of the β heavy chain divides it into two fragments, A and B, which sediment separately at 12S and 6S, and possibly correspond to the head and tail domains of the molecule7. Dynein ATPase is the energy-transducing enzyme that generates the sliding movement between tubules that underlies the beating of cilia and flagella of eukaryotes, and possibly also other large intracellular movements8,9. Here we report that the deduced amino-acid sequence of the β heavy chain of axonemal dynein from embryos of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla has 4,466 residues and contains the consensus motifs for five nucleotide-binding sites. The probable hydrolytic ATP-binding site can be identified by its location close to or at the VI site of vanadate-mediated photo-cleavage10. The general features of the map of photocleavage and proteolytic peptides reported earlier have been confirmed, except that the map's polarity is reversed. The predicted secondary structure of the β heavy chain consists of an α/β-type pattern along its whole length. The two longest regions of potential a. helix, with unbroken heptad hydrophobic repeats 120 and 50 amino acids long, may be of functional importance. But dynein does not seem to contain an extended coiled-coil tail domain.

Strong reproductive isolation between closely related tropical sea urchins (genus Echinometra).

Abstract: Morphological, mitochondrial DNA, and single-copy nuclear DNA differences show that the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei is composed of at least four independent gene pools. Evolutionary distance between species measured with restriction-site changes (for mitochondrial DNA) and thermal renaturation (for single-copy nuclear DNA) is 1%-3% nucleotide divergence. Thus these are the most closely related sea urchin species known. Despite this genetic similarity, strong blocks to interspecific fertilization exist in this genus. Between two Hawaiian species, few eggs are fertilized in hybrid crosses, even in the presence of excess sperm. Microscopic examination of such crosses shows that sperm attachment to heterologous eggs is inhibited. Measures of genetic distance between species can help reveal the tempo of speciation and allow comparisons of morphological, biochemical, and ecological characteristics to be made in an evolutionary framework. Our results show that strong reproductive isolation can evolve by changes in egg-sperm recognition without extensive genetic divergence between species. Such mechanisms are most easily studied in free-spawning animals such as sea urchins but as well may represent an important aspect of speciation in species with internal fertilization.

Are oceanic plateaus sites of komatiite formation

Abstract: During Cretaceous and Tertiary time a series of oceanic terranes were accreted onto the Pacific continental margin of Colombia The island of Gorgona is thought to represent part of the most recent, early Eocene, terrane-forming event Gorgona is remarkable for the occurrence of komatiites of middle Cretaceous age, having MgO contents up to 24% The geochemistry of spatially and temporally associated tholeiites suggests that Gorgona is an obducted fragment of the oceanic Caribbean Plateau, postulated by Duncan and Hargraves (1984) to have formed at 100 to 75 Ma over the Galapagos hotspot Further examples of high-MgO oceanic lavas that may represent fragments of the Caribbean Plateau occur in allochthonous terranes on the island of Curacao in the Netherlands Antilles and in the Romeral zone ophiolites in the southwestern Colombian Andes These and other examples suggest that the formation of high-MgO liquids may be a feature of oceanic-plateau settings The association of Phanerozoic komatiites with oceanic plateaus, coupled with thermal considerations, provides a plausible analogue for the origin of some komatiite-tholeiite sequences in Archean greenstone belts

Role of coral reefs in global ocean production

Abstract: Coral reefs cover some 600 × 103 km−2 of the earth’s surface (017% of the ocean surface) First-order estimates show coral reefs to contribute about 085% of the estimated net CO2 fixation rate of the global oceans Gross CO2 fixation is relatively high (about 700 × 1012 gC yr−1), but most of this material is recycled within the reefs Excess (net) production of organic material (E) is much smaller, about 20 × 1012 gC yr−1 We estimate that 3 × 1012 gC yr−1 (15% of E) is buried in reef structure; 2 × 1012 gC yr−1 (10% of E) for sustained human harvest, and the remaining 75% of E for export from coral reefs to adjacent areas Comparison of estimates for net production by reefs and their surrounding oceans indicates that the excess production by coral reefs is similar to new production in the photic zone of the oligotrophic oceans Consequently, estimates for global ocean production should include as a first approximation areas of reefs with the surrounding ocean when assigning average net production rates While there are significant uncertainties in these numbers, we conclude that organic production by reefs plays a relatively minor role in the global scale fluxes and storage of elements In comparison, the companion process of biologically-mediated inorganic carbon precipitation represents a major role for reefs While reef production does respond on local scales to variation in ocean climate, neither the absolute rates nor the amount accumulated into organic pools are either sensitive indicators or accurate recorders of climatic change in most reef systems Similarly, the productivity of most reefs should be little affected by the environmental changes currently predicted from the Greenhouse Effect

Linking quality strategy with management control systems: Empirical evidence from Japanese industry☆

Abstract: Normative theory suggests that management control systems should be designed to complement management's objectives and strategies. Few empirical studies, however, have focused on how management control systems have been modified to complement new manufacturing techniques, such as total quality control and zero defect strategies. This study relates quality strategies with the management control information provided for quality in 26 Japanese automotive and consumer electronics firms. Quality strategy was measured by a set of eight attitude questions addressing whether the managers adhered to a traditional economic conference level (ECL) quality management strategy or a “zero defect” quality management strategy. The relationship of quality strategy to the type and frequency of quality goal and feedback information was then measured. The results indicate that the management control systems supporting a zero defect quality strategy are more likely to include regular goal-setting and more frequent feedback relating to quality than those supporting an ECL quality strategy. Widespread use of quality cost targets and feedback is also related to a zero defect strategy. The results provide empirical evidence to support the normative argument that Japanese companies following a zero defect quality strategy have modified their management control systems to encourage the continuous quality improvements that are key to this strategy.

Validation of a quantitative diet history method in Hawaii.

Abstract: The validity of a quantitative diet history method was evaluated among 262 men and women from the five major ethnic groups of Hawaii (Japanese, Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, and Hawaiian) in 1984-1987. The reference data included four 1-week food records obtained at approximately 3-month intervals. The diet history was administered 6 months after the fourth week of food records and included 47 foods that were major sources of protein, fat, cholesterol, vitamins A and C, and beta-carotene. Photographs showing three portion sizes were utilized for quantifying intakes in the food records and the diet history. Generally, among all ethnic-sex groups, intakes from the diet history were greater than those from the record sets, particularly for the vitamins. Agreement was measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (rl) and the weighted kappa statistic (kappa w), and consistency was measured by Spearman's rank correlation (rho). For the total group, the rl's ranged from 0.48 for vitamin A to 0.61 for cholesterol. The kappa w's were generally lower than the rl's, whereas the rho's were higher, ranging from 0.52 for vitamin C to 0.64 for cholesterol. Agreement among the ethnic-sex groups varied, with the Chinese females and the Japanese males having the higher rl's, and the Hawaiian males and females having the lowest values. The results provide evidence that the quantitative diet history gives reasonably accurate estimates of the usual dietary intakes among the major ethnic groups of Hawaii.

Origin of kinematic subsystems in elliptical galaxies

Abstract: The formation of a counterrotating central gas disk in a merger of two gas-rich disk galaxies of equal mass is demonstrated. Such a structure may well account for the unusual gas kinematics found in the merger remnant NGC7252. Continued star formation in such gaseous disks may produce central components with decoupled kinematics resembling the cores of some elliptical galaxies.