Showing papers in "Neuroscience in 2015"

TL;DR: The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as MDD, BD, schizophrenia, and autism will be highlighted and the role of microglial activation and associated molecular cascades will be discussed as a means by which these neuroinflammatory mechanisms take place.

TL;DR: Results suggest an anti-depressant effect of L. helveticus NS8 in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress depression and that this effect could be due to the microbiota-gut-brain axis and suggest the therapeutic potential of LactobacillusNS8 in stress-related and possibly other kinds of depression.

TL;DR: The roles of TNF signaling in the CNS shift from the conventional dichotomy of beneficial and deleterious, that mainly explain effects under pathological conditions, to incorporate a growing number of "essential" and "desirable" roles for TNF and its main cellular source in the nervous system, microglia, under physiological conditions including regulation of neuronal activity and maintenance of myelin.

TL;DR: The use of new technologies, including optogenetics and DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs), are reviewed in unraveling the role of the striatum in addiction, focusing on the roles of striatal cell populations and dopaminergic and glutamatergic afferents in addiction-related plasticity and behaviors.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the historical development of organotypic brain slices focusing on the membrane technology, methodological aspects regarding culturing procedures, age of donors or media, and whether the cholinergic neurons serve as a model of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and how the vascular network can be studied.

TL;DR: Basic principles of hippocampal anatomy and neuroplasticity on various levels are reviewed as well as recent findings regarding the functional organization of the hippocampus in light of the regional vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, epilepsy, neuroinflammation and aging.

TL;DR: Overall, hippocampal subfield analysis has proven to be a promising technique in the study of AD, however, harmonization of segmentation protocols and studies on larger samples are needed to enable accurate comparisons between studies and to confirm the clinical utility of these techniques.

TL;DR: The mechanisms by which long-lasting elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus produce memory impairments are discussed, including dysregulations of the neuroendocrine system, potentiation of neuroinflammatory responses following an immune challenge, and the impairment of memories.

TL;DR: By impairing hippocampal plasticity and function, chronically restricted and disrupted sleep contributes to cognitive disorders and psychiatric diseases.

TL;DR: The neuroimaging characteristics of autoimmune encephalitides, including N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) encephalitis as well as more recently discovered and less frequent forms, are reviewed.

TL;DR: Greater understanding of the behavioral, neurobiological, and genetic influences on the placebo effect is critical for evaluating medical interventions and may allow health professionals to tailor and personalize interventions in order to maximize treatment outcomes in clinical settings.

TL;DR: Data indicate that FFAR3 is expressed on postganglionic sympathetic and sensory neurons in both the autonomic and somatic peripheral nervous system and that SCFAs act not only through the enteroendocrine system but also directly by modifying physiological reflexes integrating the peripheral nervous System and the gastro-intestinal tract.

TL;DR: The results suggest that changes in the microbiome may contribute to cognitive changes associated with eating a Western diet.

TL;DR: Accumulating evidence indicates that many of these genes function in pathways that regulate aspects of immunity, particularly inflammation, suggesting close associations between PD and immune homeostasis.

TL;DR: An overview of the literature on T and human competition, with a primary focus on the role of competition-induced T dynamics in the modulation of human aggression, is provided in this article, where potential neural mechanisms underlying the effect of T dynamics on human aggression are discussed.

TL;DR: The results confirm that icariin exerts antidepressant-like effects, which may be mediated, at least in part, by enhanced antioxidant status and anti-inflammatory effects on the brain tissue via the inhibition of NF-κB signaling activation and the NLRP3-inflammasome/caspase-1/IL-1β axis.

TL;DR: It is reported that female C57BL/6J stress-naïve mice are more sensitive to the rapid and the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in the forced swim test (FST), and converging clinical and preclinical evidence support that responsiveness to antidepressant drugs is sex-differentiated.

TL;DR: The evidence of immune system involvement in PD susceptibility is analyzed, specifically in the context of M1 and M2 activation states, and tracking and modulating these activation states may provide new insights into both PD etiology and therapeutic strategies.

TL;DR: Evaluating the effect of CUMS on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels as well as the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in mice suggested that the up-regulation of BDNF and NGF levels is a mechanism possibly involved in the antidepressant effect of chrysin in mice.

TL;DR: Both liraglutide and lixisenatide are superior to exendin-4, and both drugs show promise as a novel treatment of PD.

TL;DR: Some of the roles of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease are discussed and how understanding heterogeneity in the individual inflammatory response can be used in therapeutic development and as a mechanism of personalizing the treatment of the disease is discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss novel and key data that will present an overview of the neuroendocrine, immunological and behavioral responses to social stressors, and discuss potential avenues of treatment for these disorders.

TL;DR: It is believed that the better understanding of microglia's response to alpha-synuclein pathological accumulation across brain areas and disease stages is essential to develop novel therapeutic tools for Parkinson's disease and other alpha- synucleinopathies.

TL;DR: How recent advances in neuroimaging allow researchers to further understand hippocampal neuroplasticity in MDD and how it is related to antidepressant treatment, memory function, and disease progression is discussed.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the various immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines that make regeneration possible in the peripheral nervous system, with specific attention placed on the role macrophages play in this process.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the emerging physiological and pathophysiological roles of these two ion channels (and their complex interplay with other ion channels), particularly in highly vulnerable SN DA neurons, as selective degeneration of these neurons causes the major motor symptoms of PD.

TL;DR: Human clinical pathological findings supporting the concept that the hippocampus is capable of neural plasticity during mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD and early stage AD are discussed.

TL;DR: The results suggest that in females, pubertal hormones may exert temporally specific changes in PFC anatomy, and both males and females gained white matter under the PFC throughout adolescence, though these gains in females were diminished after day 35, but not in males.

TL;DR: The findings of the expression patterns of CB2R mRNAs may help determine the cell types involved in, and hence the mechanisms of, theCB2R-mediated neuromodulation.

TL;DR: A review of recent studies using antiepileptic drugs to rescue cognitive deficits in AD mouse models and human patients and understanding of the connection between neuronal hyperexcitability and Alzheimer's as well as the potential role of epileptiform activity in the progression of AD will be beneficial for improving treatment strategies.