A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies.
TLDR
It is found that imputation accuracy can be greatly enhanced by expanding the reference panel to contain thousands of chromosomes and that IMPUTE v2 outperforms other methods in this setting at both rare and common SNPs, with overall error rates that are 15%–20% lower than those of the closest competing method.Abstract:
Genotype imputation methods are now being widely used in the analysis of genome-wide association studies. Most imputation analyses to date have used the HapMap as a reference dataset, but new reference panels (such as controls genotyped on multiple SNP chips and densely typed samples from the 1,000 Genomes Project) will soon allow a broader range of SNPs to be imputed with higher accuracy, thereby increasing power. We describe a genotype imputation method (IMPUTE version 2) that is designed to address the challenges presented by these new datasets. The main innovation of our approach is a flexible modelling framework that increases accuracy and combines information across multiple reference panels while remaining computationally feasible. We find that IMPUTE v2 attains higher accuracy than other methods when the HapMap provides the sole reference panel, but that the size of the panel constrains the improvements that can be made. We also find that imputation accuracy can be greatly enhanced by expanding the reference panel to contain thousands of chromosomes and that IMPUTE v2 outperforms other methods in this setting at both rare and common SNPs, with overall error rates that are 15%–20% lower than those of the closest competing method. One particularly challenging aspect of next-generation association studies is to integrate information across multiple reference panels genotyped on different sets of SNPs; we show that our approach to this problem has practical advantages over other suggested solutions.read more
Citations
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Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
Christopher C. Chang,Carson C. Chow,Laurent C. A. M. Tellier,Shashaank Vattikuti,Shaun Purcell,James J. Lee +5 more
TL;DR: The second-generation versions of PLINK will offer dramatic improvements in performance and compatibility, and for the first time, users without access to high-end computing resources can perform several essential analyses of the feature-rich and very large genetic datasets coming into use.
Journal ArticleDOI
A statistical framework for SNP calling, mutation discovery, association mapping and population genetical parameter estimation from sequencing data
TL;DR: This work presents a statistical framework for calling SNPs, discovering somatic mutations, inferring population genetical parameters and performing association tests directly based on sequencing data without explicit genotyping or linkage-based imputation and demonstrates that this method achieves comparable accuracy to alternative methods for estimating site allele count, for inferring allele frequency spectrum and for association mapping.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: Multitissue gene regulation in humans
Kristin G. Ardlie,David S. DeLuca,Ayellet V. Segrè,Timothy J. Sullivan,Taylor Young,Ellen Gelfand,Casandra A. Trowbridge,Julian Maller,Taru Tukiainen,Monkol Lek,Lucas D. Ward,Pouya Kheradpour,Benjamin Iriarte,Yan Meng,Cameron D. Palmer,Tõnu Esko,Wendy Winckler,Joel N. Hirschhorn,Manolis Kellis,Daniel G. MacArthur,Gad Getz,Andrey A. Shabalin,Gen Li,Yi-Hui Zhou,Andrew B. Nobel,Ivan Rusyn,Fred A. Wright,Tuuli Lappalainen,Pedro G. Ferreira,Halit Ongen,Manuel A. Rivas,Alexis Battle,Sara Mostafavi,Jean Monlong,Michael Sammeth,Marta Melé,Ferran Reverter,Jakob M. Goldmann,Daphne Koller,Roderic Guigó,Mark I. McCarthy,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Eric R. Gamazon,Hae Kyung Im,Anuar Konkashbaev,Dan L. Nicolae,Nancy J. Cox,Timothée Flutre,Xiaoquan Wen,Matthew Stephens,Jonathan K. Pritchard,Zhidong Tu,Bin Zhang,Tao Huang,Quan Long,Luan Lin,Jialiang Yang,Jun Zhu,Jun Liu,Amanda Brown,Bernadette Mestichelli,Denee Tidwell,Edmund Lo,Mike Salvatore,Saboor Shad,Jeffrey A. Thomas,John T. Lonsdale,Michael T. Moser,Bryan Gillard,Ellen Karasik,Kimberly Ramsey,Christopher Choi,Barbara A. Foster,John Syron,Johnell Fleming,Harold Magazine,Rick Hasz,Gary Walters,Jason Bridge,Mark Miklos,Susan L. Sullivan,Laura Barker,Heather M. Traino,Maghboeba Mosavel,Laura A. Siminoff,Dana R. Valley,Daniel C. Rohrer,Scott D. Jewell,Philip A. Branton,Leslie H. Sobin,Mary Barcus,Liqun Qi,Jeffrey McLean,Pushpa Hariharan,Ki Sung Um,Shenpei Wu,David Tabor,Charles Shive,Anna M. Smith,Stephen A. Buia,Anita H. Undale,Karna Robinson,Nancy Roche,Kimberly M. Valentino,Angela Britton,Robin Burges,Debra Bradbury,Kenneth W. Hambright,John Seleski,Greg E. Korzeniewski,Kenyon Erickson,Yvonne Marcus,Jorge Tejada,Mehran Taherian,Chunrong Lu,Margaret J. Basile,Deborah C. Mash,Simona Volpi,Jeffery P. Struewing,Gary F. Temple,Joy T. Boyer,Deborah Colantuoni,Roger Little,Susan E. Koester,Latarsha J. Carithers,Helen M. Moore,Ping Guan,Carolyn C. Compton,Sherilyn Sawyer,Joanne P. Demchok,Jimmie B. Vaught,Chana A. Rabiner,Nicole C. Lockhart +132 more
TL;DR: The landscape of gene expression across tissues is described, thousands of tissue-specific and shared regulatory expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) variants are cataloged, complex network relationships are described, and signals from genome-wide association studies explained by eQTLs are identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease
Jean-Charles Lambert,Jean-Charles Lambert,Jean-Charles Lambert,Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas,Denise Harold,Adam C. Naj,Rebecca Sims,Céline Bellenguez,Céline Bellenguez,Céline Bellenguez,Gyungah Jun,Anita L. DeStefano,Joshua C. Bis,Gary W. Beecham,Benjamin Grenier-Boley,Benjamin Grenier-Boley,Benjamin Grenier-Boley,Giancarlo Russo,Tricia A. Thornton-Wells,Nicola Jones,Albert V. Smith,Vincent Chouraki,Vincent Chouraki,Vincent Chouraki,Charlene Thomas,M. Arfan Ikram,Diana Zelenika,Badri N. Vardarajan,Yoichiro Kamatani,Chiao-Feng Lin,Amy Gerrish,Helena Schmidt,Brian W. Kunkle,Melanie L. Dunstan,Agustín Ruiz,Marie-Thérèse Bihoreau,Seung Hoan Choi,Christiane Reitz,Florence Pasquier,Paul Hollingworth,Alfredo Ramirez,Olivier Hanon,Annette L. Fitzpatrick,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Dominique Campion,Paul K. Crane,Clinton T. Baldwin,Tim Becker,Tim Becker,Vilmundur Gudnason,Carlos Cruchaga,David Craig,Najaf Amin,Claudine Berr,Oscar L. Lopez,Philip L. De Jager,Philip L. De Jager,Vincent Deramecourt,Janet A. Johnston,Denis A. Evans,Simon Lovestone,Luc Letenneur,Francisco J. Morón,David C. Rubinsztein,Gudny Eiriksdottir,Kristel Sleegers,Kristel Sleegers,Alison Goate,Nathalie Fievet,Nathalie Fievet,Matthew J. Huentelman,Michael Gill,Kristelle Brown,M. Ilyas Kamboh,Lina Keller,Pascale Barberger-Gateau,Bernadette McGuinness,Eric B. Larson,Eric B. Larson,Robert C. Green,Amanda J. Myers,Carole Dufouil,Stephen Todd,David Wallon,Seth Love,Ekaterina Rogaeva,John Gallacher,Peter St George-Hyslop,Peter St George-Hyslop,Jordi Clarimón,Alberto Lleó,Anthony Bayer,Debby W. Tsuang,Lei Yu,Magda Tsolaki,Paola Bossù,Gianfranco Spalletta,Petroula Proitsi,John Collinge,Sandro Sorbi,Florentino Sanchez-Garcia,Nick C. Fox,John Hardy,Maria Candida Deniz Naranjo,Paolo Bosco,Robert Clarke,Carol Brayne,Daniela Galimberti,Michelangelo Mancuso,Fiona E. Matthews,Genetic,Environmental Risk in Alzheimer's Disease,Environmental Risk in Alzheimer's Disease,Cohorts for Heart,Cohorts for Heart,Susanne Moebus,Patrizia Mecocci,Maria Del Zompo,Wolfgang Maier,Wolfgang Maier,Harald Hampel,Harald Hampel,Alberto Pilotto,María J. Bullido,María J. Bullido,Francesco Panza,Paolo Caffarra,Paolo Caffarra,Benedetta Nacmias,John R. Gilbert,Manuel Mayhaus,Lars Lannfelt,Hakon Hakonarson,Sabrina Pichler,Minerva M. Carrasquillo,Martin Ingelsson,Duane Beekly,Victoria Alvarez,Fanggeng Zou,Otto Valladares,Steven G. Younkin,Eliecer Coto,Kara L. Hamilton-Nelson,Wei Gu,Cristina Razquin,Pau Pastor,Ignacio Mateo,Michael John Owen,Kelley Faber,Palmi V. Jonsson,Onofre Combarros,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Laura B. Cantwell,Hilkka Soininen,Deborah Blacker,Simon Mead,Thomas H. Mosley,David A. Bennett,Tamara B. Harris,Laura Fratiglioni,Laura Fratiglioni,Clive Holmes,Renée F.A.G. de Bruijn,Peter Passmore,Thomas J. Montine,Karolien Bettens,Karolien Bettens,Jerome I. Rotter,Alexis Brice,Alexis Brice,Kevin Morgan,Tatiana Foroud,Walter A. Kukull,Didier Hannequin,John Powell,Mike A. Nalls,Karen Ritchie,Kathryn L. Lunetta,John S. K. Kauwe,Eric Boerwinkle,Eric Boerwinkle,Matthias Riemenschneider,Mercè Boada,Mikko Hiltunen,Eden R. Martin,Reinhold Schmidt,Dan Rujescu,Li-San Wang,Jean-François Dartigues,Jean-François Dartigues,Richard Mayeux,Christophe Tzourio,Albert Hofman,Markus M. Nöthen,Caroline Graff,Caroline Graff,Bruce M. Psaty,Bruce M. Psaty,Lesley Jones,Jonathan L. Haines,Peter Holmans,Mark Lathrop,Mark Lathrop,Margaret A. Pericak-Vance,Lenore J. Launer,Lindsay A. Farrer,Cornelia M. van Duijn,Christine Van Broeckhoven,Christine Van Broeckhoven,Valentina Moskvina,Sudha Seshadri,Julie Williams,Gerard D. Schellenberg,Philippe Amouyel,Philippe Amouyel,Philippe Amouyel +215 more
TL;DR: In addition to the APOE locus (encoding apolipoprotein E), 19 loci reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) in the combined stage 1 and stage 2 analysis, of which 11 are newly associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
Christopher C. Chang,Carson C. Chow,Laurent C. A. M. Tellier,Shashaank Vattikuti,Shaun Purcell,James J. Lee +5 more
TL;DR: PLINK as discussed by the authors is a C/C++ toolset for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and research in population genetics, which has been widely used in the literature.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses
Shaun Purcell,Shaun Purcell,Benjamin M. Neale,Benjamin M. Neale,Kathe Todd-Brown,Lori Thomas,Manuel A. R. Ferreira,David Bender,David Bender,Julian Maller,Julian Maller,Pamela Sklar,Pamela Sklar,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Pak C. Sham +17 more
TL;DR: This work introduces PLINK, an open-source C/C++ WGAS tool set, and describes the five main domains of function: data management, summary statistics, population stratification, association analysis, and identity-by-descent estimation, which focuses on the estimation and use of identity- by-state and identity/descent information in the context of population-based whole-genome studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
Paul Burton,David Clayton,Lon R. Cardon,Nicholas John Craddock,Panos Deloukas,Audrey Duncanson,Dominic P. Kwiatkowski,Mark I. McCarthy,Willem H. Ouwehand,Nilesh J. Samani,John A. Todd,Peter Donnelly,Jeffrey C. Barrett,Dan Davison,Doug Easton,David M. Evans,H. T. Leung,Jonathan Marchini,Andrew P. Morris,Chris C. A. Spencer,Martin D. Tobin,Antony P. Attwood,James P. Boorman,Barbara Cant,Ursula Everson,Judith M. Hussey,Jennifer Jolley,Alexandra S. Knight,Kerstin Koch,Elizabeth Meech,Sarah Nutland,Christopher Prowse,Helen Stevens,Niall C. Taylor,Graham R. Walters,Neil Walker,Nicholas A. Watkins,Thilo Winzer,Richard Jones,Wendy L. McArdle,Susan M. Ring,David P. Strachan,Marcus Pembrey,Gerome Breen,David St Clair,Sian Caesar,Katherine Gordon-Smith,Lisa Jones,Christine Fraser,Elaine K. Green,Detelina Grozeva,Marian L. Hamshere,Peter Holmans,Ian Jones,George Kirov,Valentina Moskvina,Ivan Nikolov,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Michael John Owen,David A. Collier,Amanda Elkin,Anne Farmer,Richard Williamson,Peter McGuffin,Allan H. Young,I. Nicol Ferrier,Stephen G. Ball,Anthony J. Balmforth,Jennifer H. Barrett,D. Timothy Bishop,Mark M. Iles,Azhar Maqbool,Nadira Yuldasheva,Alistair S. Hall,Peter S. Braund,Richard J. Dixon,Massimo Mangino,Suzanne Stevens,John R. Thompson,Francesca Bredin,Mark Tremelling,Miles Parkes,Hazel E. Drummond,Charlie W. Lees,Elaine R. Nimmo,Jack Satsangi,Sheila A. Fisher,Alastair Forbes,Cathryn M. Lewis,Clive M. Onnie,Natalie J. Prescott,Jeremy D. Sanderson,Christopher G. Mathew,Jamie Barbour,M. Khalid Mohiuddin,Catherine E. Todhunter,John C. Mansfield,Tariq Ahmad,Fraser Cummings,Derek P. Jewell,John Webster,Morris J. Brown,G. Mark Lathrop,John M. C. Connell,Anna F. Dominiczak,Carolina A. Braga Marcano,Beverley Burke,Richard Dobson,Johannie Gungadoo,Kate L. Lee,Patricia B. Munroe,Stephen Newhouse,Abiodun Onipinla,Chris Wallace,Mingzhan Xue,Mark J. Caulfield,Martin Farrall,Anne Barton,Ian N. Bruce,Hannah Donovan,Steve Eyre,Paul D. Gilbert,Samantha L. Hider,Anne Hinks,Sally John,Catherine Potter,Alan J. Silman,Deborah P M Symmons,Wendy Thomson,Jane Worthington,David B. Dunger,Barry Widmer,Timothy M. Frayling,Rachel M. Freathy,Hana Lango,John R. B. Perry,Beverley M. Shields,Michael N. Weedon,Andrew T. Hattersley,Graham A. Hitman,Mark Walker,Kate S. Elliott,Christopher J. Groves,Cecilia M. Lindgren,Nigel W. Rayner,Nicholas J. Timpson,Eleftheria Zeggini,Melanie J. Newport,Giorgio Sirugo,Emily J. Lyons,Fredrik O. Vannberg,Adrian V. S. Hill,Linda A. Bradbury,C Farrar,J J Pointon,Paul Wordsworth,Matthew A. Brown,Jayne A. Franklyn,Joanne M. Heward,Matthew J. Simmonds,Stephen C. L. Gough,Sheila Seal,Michael R. Stratton,Nazneen Rahman,Maria Ban,An Goris,Stephen Sawcer,Alastair Compston,David J. Conway,Muminatou Jallow,Kirk A. Rockett,Suzannah Bumpstead,Amy Chaney,Kate Downes,Mohammed J. R. Ghori,Rhian Gwilliam,Sarah E. Hunt,Michael Inouye,Andrew Keniry,Emma King,Ralph McGinnis,Simon C. Potter,Rathi Ravindrarajah,Pamela Whittaker,Claire Widden,David Withers,Niall Cardin,Teresa Ferreira,Joanne Pereira-Gale,Ingileif B. Hallgrímsdóttir,Bryan Howie,Zhan Su,Yik Ying Teo,Damjan Vukcevic,David Bentley,A Compston +195 more
TL;DR: This study has demonstrated that careful use of a shared control group represents a safe and effective approach to GWA analyses of multiple disease phenotypes; generated a genome-wide genotype database for future studies of common diseases in the British population; and shown that, provided individuals with non-European ancestry are excluded, the extent of population stratification in theBritish population is generally modest.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bayesian data analysis.
TL;DR: A fatal flaw of NHST is reviewed and some benefits of Bayesian data analysis are introduced and illustrative examples of multiple comparisons in Bayesian analysis of variance and Bayesian approaches to statistical power are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
Kelly A. Frazer,Dennis G. Ballinger,David R. Cox,David A. Hinds,Laura L. Stuve,Richard A. Gibbs,John W. Belmont,Andrew Boudreau,Paul Hardenbol,Suzanne M. Leal,Shiran Pasternak,David A. Wheeler,Thomas D. Willis,Fuli Yu,Huanming Yang,Changqing Zeng,Gao Yang,H. B. Hu,Weitao Hu,Chaohua Li,Wei Lin,Siqi Liu,Hao Pan,Xiaoli Tang,Jian Wang,Wei Wang,Jun Yu,Bo Zhang,Qingrun Zhang,Hongbin Zhao,Hui Zhao,Jun Zhou,Stacey Gabriel,Rachel Barry,Brendan Blumenstiel,Amy L. Camargo,Matthew Defelice,Maura Faggart,Mary Goyette,Supriya Gupta,Jamie Moore,Huy Nguyen,Robert C. Onofrio,Melissa Parkin,Jessica Roy,Erich Stahl,Ellen Winchester,Liuda Ziaugra,David Altshuler,Yan Shen,Zhijian Yao,Wei Huang,Xun Chu,Yungang He,Li Jin,Yangfan Liu,Yayun Shen,Weiwei Sun,Haifeng Wang,Yi Wang,Ying Wang,Xiaoyan Xiong,Liang Xu,Mary M.Y. Waye,Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui,Hong Xue,J. Tze Fei Wong,Luana Galver,Jian-Bing Fan,Kevin L. Gunderson,Sarah S. Murray,Arnold Oliphant,Mark S. Chee,Alexandre Montpetit,Fanny Chagnon,Vincent Ferretti,Martin Leboeuf,Jean François Olivier,Michael S. Phillips,Stéphanie Roumy,Clémentine Sallée,Andrei Verner,Thomas J. Hudson,Pui-Yan Kwok,Dongmei Cai,Daniel C. Koboldt,Raymond D. Miller,Ludmila Pawlikowska,Patricia Taillon-Miller,Ming Xiao,Lap-Chee Tsui,William Mak,Qiang Song You,Paul K.H. Tam,Yusuke Nakamura,Takahisa Kawaguchi,Takuya Kitamoto,Takashi Morizono,Atsushi Nagashima,Yozo Ohnishi,Akihiro Sekine,Toshihiro Tanaka,Tatsuhiko Tsunoda,Panos Deloukas,Christine P. Bird,Marcos Delgado,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Rhian Gwilliam,Sarah E. Hunt,Jonathan J. Morrison,Don Powell,Barbara E. Stranger,Pamela Whittaker,David R. Bentley,Mark J. Daly,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Jeffrey C. Barrett,Yves Chretien,Julian Maller,Steve McCarroll,Nick Patterson,Itsik Pe'er,Alkes L. Price,Shaun Purcell,Daniel J. Richter,Pardis C. Sabeti,Richa Saxena,Stephen F. Schaffner,Pak C. Sham,Patrick Varilly,Lincoln Stein,Lalitha Krishnan,Albert V. Smith,Marcela K. Tello-Ruiz,Gudmundur A. Thorisson,Aravinda Chakravarti,Peter E. Chen,David J. Cutler,Carl S. Kashuk,Shin Lin,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,Weihua Guan,Yun Li,Heather M. Munro,Zhaohui S. Qin,Daryl J. Thomas,Gilean McVean,Adam Auton,Leonardo Bottolo,Niall Cardin,Susana Eyheramendy,Colin Freeman,Jonathan Marchini,Simon Myers,Chris C. A. Spencer,Matthew Stephens,Peter Donnelly,Lon R. Cardon,Geraldine M. Clarke,David M. Evans,Andrew P. Morris,Bruce S. Weir,Todd A. Johnson,James C. Mullikin,Stephen T. Sherry,Michael Feolo,Andrew D. Skol,Houcan Zhang,Ichiro Matsuda,Yoshimitsu Fukushima,Darryl Macer,Eiko Suda,Charles N. Rotimi,Clement Adebamowo,Ike Ajayi,Toyin Aniagwu,Patricia A. Marshall,Chibuzor Nkwodimmah,Charmaine D.M. Royal,Mark Leppert,Missy Dixon,Andy Peiffer,Renzong Qiu,Alastair Kent,Kazuto Kato,Norio Niikawa,Isaac F. Adewole,Bartha Maria Knoppers,Morris W. Foster,Ellen Wright Clayton,Jessica Watkin,Donna M. Muzny,Lynne V. Nazareth,Erica Sodergren,George M. Weinstock,Imtaz Yakub,Bruce W. Birren,Richard K. Wilson,Lucinda Fulton,Jane Rogers,John Burton,Nigel P. Carter,C M Clee,Mark Griffiths,Matthew C. Jones,Kirsten McLay,Robert W. Plumb,Mark T. Ross,Sarah Sims,David Willey,Zhu Chen,Hua Han,Le Kang,Martin Godbout,John C. Wallenburg,Paul L'Archevêque,Guy Bellemare,Koji Saeki,Hongguang Wang,Daochang An,Hongbo Fu,Qing Li,Zhen Wang,Renwu Wang,Arthur L. Holden,Lisa D. Brooks,Jean E. McEwen,Mark S. Guyer,Vivian Ota Wang,Jane Peterson,Michael Shi,Jack Spiegel,Lawrence M. Sung,Lynn F. Zacharia,Francis S. Collins,Karen Kennedy,Ruth Jamieson,John Stewart +237 more
TL;DR: The Phase II HapMap is described, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25–35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed, and increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs is demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, U.K.
TL;DR: This article reports that the magazine's award for Research Leader of the Year was given to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium which conducted a huge genetic study to look at the genetic causes for various diseases.
Related Papers (5)
PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses
A global reference for human genetic variation.
Adam Auton,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,David Altshuler,Richard Durbin,David R. Bentley,Aravinda Chakravarti,Andrew G. Clark,Peter Donnelly,Evan E. Eichler,Paul Flicek,Stacey Gabriel,Richard A. Gibbs,Eric D. Green,Matthew E. Hurles,Bartha Maria Knoppers,Jan O. Korbel,Eric S. Lander,Charles Lee,Hans Lehrach,Elaine R. Mardis,Gabor T. Marth,Gil McVean,Deborah A. Nickerson,Jeanette Schmidt,Stephen T. Sherry,Jun Wang,Richard K. Wilson,Eric Boerwinkle,Harsha Doddapaneni,Yi Han,Viktoriya Korchina,Christie Kovar,Sandra L. Lee,Donna M. Muzny,Jeffrey G. Reid,Yiming Zhu,Yuqi Chang,Qiang Feng,Qiang Feng,Xiaodong Fang,Xiaodong Fang,Xiaosen Guo,Xiaosen Guo,Min Jian,Min Jian,Hui Jiang,Hui Jiang,Xin Jin,Tianming Lan,Guoqing Li,Jingxiang Li,Yingrui Li,Shengmao Liu,Xiao Liu,Xiao Liu,Yao Lu,Xuedi Ma,Meifang Tang,Bo Wang,Guangbiao Wang,Honglong Wu,Renhua Wu,Xun Xu,Ye Yin,Dandan Zhang,Wenwei Zhang,Jiao Zhao,Meiru Zhao,Xiaole Zheng,Namrata Gupta,Neda Gharani,Lorraine Toji,Norman P. Gerry,Alissa M. Resch,Jonathan Barker,Laura Clarke,Laurent Gil,Sarah E. Hunt,Gavin Kelman,Eugene Kulesha,Rasko Leinonen,William M. McLaren,Rajesh Radhakrishnan,Asier Roa,Dmitriy Smirnov,Richard Smith,Ian Streeter,Anja Thormann,Iliana Toneva,Brendan Vaughan,Xiangqun Zheng-Bradley,Russell J. Grocock,Sean Humphray,Terena James,Zoya Kingsbury,Ralf Sudbrak,M. Albrecht,Vyacheslav Amstislavskiy,Tatiana A. Borodina,Matthias Lienhard,Florian Mertes,Marc Sultan,Bernd Timmermann,Marie-Laure Yaspo,Lucinda Fulton,Victor Ananiev,Zinaida Belaia,Dimitriy Beloslyudtsev,Nathan Bouk,Chao Chen,Deanna M. Church,Robert M. Cohen,Charles Cook,John Garner,Timothy Hefferon,Mikhail Kimelman,Chunlei Liu,John Lopez,Peter Meric,Chris O’Sullivan,Yuri Ostapchuk,Lon Phan,Sergiy Ponomarov,Valerie A. Schneider,Eugene Shekhtman,Karl Sirotkin,Douglas J. Slotta,Hua Zhang,Senduran Balasubramaniam,John Burton,Petr Danecek,Thomas M. Keane,Anja Kolb-Kokocinski,Shane A. McCarthy,James Stalker,Michael A. Quail,Christopher Davies,Jeremy Gollub,Teresa Webster,Brant Wong,Yiping Zhan,Christopher L. Campbell,Yu Kong,Anthony Marcketta,Fuli Yu,Lilian Antunes,Matthew N. Bainbridge,Aniko Sabo,Zhuoyi Huang,Lachlan J. M. Coin,Lin Fang,Lin Fang,Qibin Li,Zhenyu Li,Haoxiang Lin,Binghang Liu,Ruibang Luo,Haojing Shao,Haojing Shao,Yinlong Xie,Chen Ye,Chang Yu,Fan Zhang,Hancheng Zheng,Zhu Hongmei,Can Alkan,Elif Dal,Fatma Kahveci,Erik Garrison,Deniz Kural,Wan-Ping Lee,Wen Fung Leong,Michael Strömberg,Alistair Ward,Jiantao Wu,Mengyao Zhang,Mark J. Daly,Mark A. DePristo,Robert E. Handsaker,Robert E. Handsaker,Eric Banks,Gaurav Bhatia,Guillermo del Angel,Giulio Genovese,Heng Li,Seva Kashin,Seva Kashin,Steven A. McCarroll,Steven A. McCarroll,James Nemesh,Ryan Poplin,Seungtai Yoon,Jayon Lihm,Vladimir Makarov,Srikanth Gottipati,Alon Keinan,Juan L. Rodriguez-Flores,Tobias Rausch,Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz,Adrian M. Stütz,Kathryn Beal,Avik Datta,Javier Herrero,Graham R. S. Ritchie,Daniel R. Zerbino,Pardis C. Sabeti,Pardis C. Sabeti,Ilya Shlyakhter,Ilya Shlyakhter,Stephen F. Schaffner,Stephen F. Schaffner,Joseph J. Vitti,Joseph J. Vitti,David Neil Cooper,Edward V. Ball,Peter D. Stenson,Bret Barnes,Markus J. Bauer,R. Keira Cheetham,Anthony J. Cox,Michael A. Eberle,Scott Kahn,Lisa Murray,John F. Peden,Richard Shaw,Eimear E. Kenny,Mark A. Batzer,Miriam K. Konkel,Jerilyn A. Walker,Daniel G. MacArthur,Monkol Lek,Ralf Herwig,Li Ding,Daniel C. Koboldt,David E. Larson,Kai Ye,Simon Gravel,Anand Swaroop,Emily Y. Chew,Tuuli Lappalainen,Yaniv Erlich,Melissa Gymrek,Melissa Gymrek,Thomas Willems,Jared T. Simpson,Mark D. Shriver,Jeffrey A. Rosenfeld,Carlos Bustamante,Stephen B. Montgomery,Francisco M. De La Vega,Jake K. Byrnes,Andrew Carroll,Marianne K. DeGorter,Phil Lacroute,Brian K. Maples,Alicia R. Martin,Andrés Moreno-Estrada,Andrés Moreno-Estrada,Suyash Shringarpure,Fouad Zakharia,Eran Halperin,Eran Halperin,Yael Baran,Eliza Cerveira,Jaeho Hwang,Ankit Malhotra,Dariusz Plewczynski,Kamen Radew,Mallory Romanovitch,Chengsheng Zhang,Fiona Hyland,David Craig,Alexis Christoforides,Nils Homer,Tyler Izatt,Ahmet Kurdoglu,Shripad Sinari,Kevin Squire,Chunlin Xiao,Jonathan Sebat,Danny Antaki,Madhusudan Gujral,Amina Noor,Kenny Ye,Esteban G. Burchard,Ryan D. Hernandez,Christopher R. Gignoux,David Haussler,David Haussler,Sol Katzman,W. James Kent,Bryan Howie,Andres Ruiz-Linares,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Scott E. Devine,Hyun Min Kang,Jeffrey M. Kidd,Thomas W. Blackwell,Sean Caron,Wei Chen,S. Emery,Lars G. Fritsche,Christian Fuchsberger,Goo Jun,Goo Jun,Bingshan Li,Robert H. Lyons,Chris Scheller,Carlo Sidore,Carlo Sidore,Carlo Sidore,Shiya Song,Elzbieta Sliwerska,Daniel Taliun,Adrian Tan,Ryan P. Welch,Mary Kate Wing,Xiaowei Zhan,Philip Awadalla,Philip Awadalla,Alan Hodgkinson,Yun Li,Xinghua Shi,Andrew Quitadamo,Gerton Lunter,Jonathan Marchini,Simon Myers,Claire Churchhouse,Olivier Delaneau,Olivier Delaneau,Anjali Gupta-Hinch,Warren W. Kretzschmar,Zamin Iqbal,Iain Mathieson,Androniki Menelaou,Androniki Menelaou,Andy Rimmer,Dionysia Kiara Xifara,Taras K. Oleksyk,Yunxin Fu,Xiaoming Liu,Momiao Xiong,Lynn B. Jorde,David J. Witherspoon,Jinchuan Xing,Brian L. Browning,Sharon R. Browning,Fereydoun Hormozdiari,Peter H. Sudmant,Ekta Khurana,Chris Tyler-Smith,Cornelis A. Albers,Qasim Ayub,Yuan Chen,Vincenza Colonna,Vincenza Colonna,Luke Jostins,Klaudia Walter,Yali Xue,Mark Gerstein,Alexej Abyzov,Suganthi Balasubramanian,Jieming Chen,Declan Clarke,Yao Fu,Arif Harmanci,Mike Jin,Dong-Hoon Lee,Jeremy Liu,Xinmeng Jasmine Mu,Xinmeng Jasmine Mu,Jing Zhang,Yan Zhang,Christopher Hartl,Khalid Shakir,Jeremiah D. Degenhardt,Sascha Meiers,Benjamin Raeder,Francesco Paolo Casale,Oliver Stegle,Eric-Wubbo Lameijer,Ira M. Hall,Vineet Bafna,Jacob J. Michaelson,Eugene J. Gardner,Ryan E. Mills,Gargi Dayama,Ken Chen,Xian Fan,Zechen Chong,Tenghui Chen,Mark Chaisson,John Huddleston,Maika Malig,Bradley J. Nelson,Nicholas F. Parrish,Ben Blackburne,Sarah J. Lindsay,Zemin Ning,Yujun Zhang,Hugo Y. K. Lam,Cristina Sisu,Danny Challis,Uday S. Evani,James T. Lu,Uma Nagaswamy,Jin Yu,Wangshen Li,Lukas Habegger,Haiyuan Yu,Fiona Cunningham,Ian Dunham,Kasper Lage,Kasper Lage,Jakob Berg Jespersen,Jakob Berg Jespersen,Jakob Berg Jespersen,Heiko Horn,Heiko Horn,Donghoon Kim,Rob DeSalle,Apurva Narechania,Melissa A. Wilson Sayres,Fernando L. Mendez,G. David Poznik,Peter A. Underhill,David Mittelman,Ruby Banerjee,Maria Cerezo,Thomas W. Fitzgerald,Sandra Louzada,Andrea Massaia,Fengtang Yang,Divya Kalra,Walker Hale,Xu Dan,Kathleen C. Barnes,Christine Beiswanger,Hongyu Cai,Hongzhi Cao,Hongzhi Cao,Brenna M. Henn,Danielle Jones,Jane Kaye,Alastair Kent,Angeliki Kerasidou,Rasika A. Mathias,Pilar N. Ossorio,Michael Parker,Charles N. Rotimi,Charmaine D.M. Royal,Karla Sandoval,Yeyang Su,Zhongming Tian,Sarah A. Tishkoff,Marc Via,Yuhong Wang,Huanming Yang,Ling Yang,Jiayong Zhu,Walter F. Bodmer,Gabriel Bedoya,Zhiming Cai,Yang Gao,Jiayou Chu,Leena Peltonen,Andrés C. García-Montero,Alberto Orfao,Julie Dutil,Juan Carlos Martínez-Cruzado,R. Mathias,Anselm Hennis,Harold Watson,Colin A. McKenzie,Firdausi Qadri,Regina C. LaRocque,Xiaoyan Deng,Danny Asogun,Onikepe A. Folarin,Christian T. Happi,Omonwunmi Omoniwa,Matt Stremlau,Matt Stremlau,Ridhi Tariyal,Ridhi Tariyal,M Jallow,M Jallow,Fatoumatta Sisay Joof,Fatoumatta Sisay Joof,Tumani Corrah,Tumani Corrah,Kirk A. Rockett,Kirk A. Rockett,Dominic P. Kwiatkowski,Dominic P. Kwiatkowski,Jaspal S. Kooner,Tran Tinh Hien,Sarah J. Dunstan,Sarah J. Dunstan,Nguyen ThuyHang,Richard Fonnie,Robert F. Garry,Lansana Kanneh,Lina M. Moses,John S. Schieffelin,Donald S. Grant,Carla Gallo,Giovanni Poletti,Danish Saleheen,Asif Rasheed,Lisa D. Brooks,Adam Felsenfeld,Jean E. McEwen,Yekaterina Vaydylevich,Audrey Duncanson,Michael Dunn,Jeffery A. Schloss +517 more