A review on the use of microalgal consortia for wastewater treatment

TLDR: An updated review of the literature regarding the application of microalgal consortia in the remediation of wastewaters from different sources is provided, focusing on the mechanisms involved in nutrients removal by microalgae and the main interactions established between the microorganisms integrating the Consortia and how they can influence nutrients removal efficiencies.

Abstract: The development of anthropogenic activities has led to an excessive disposal of wastes into water bodies, thus reducing water quality and damaging aquatic ecosystems. To avoid the negative impacts associated to the discharge of wastes into water courses, effective remediation processes are required to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in discharged effluents. Current methodologies applied for nutrients removal tend to be complex, expensive and energy demanding. Therefore, cultivation of microalgae has appeared as an emerging alternative for nutrients removal from wastewaters. These photosynthetic microorganisms require large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth. However, since it is very difficult to maintain pure cultures of these microorganisms in wastewater treatment processes, several studies have reported the use of natural and artificial microalgal consortia composed exclusively by microalgae or by microalgae and bacteria. The use of these consortia in the remediation of wastewaters can be very advantageous because: (i) cooperative interactions between the co-cultivated microorganisms can occur, enhancing the overall uptake of nutrients; and (ii) these systems tend to be more resistant to environmental conditions oscillations. This study provides an updated review of the literature regarding the application of microalgal consortia in the remediation of wastewaters from different sources, focusing on the mechanisms involved in nutrients removal by microalgae and the main interactions established between the microorganisms integrating the consortia and how they can influence nutrients removal efficiencies.