Journal ArticleDOI
An Overview of problems caused by toxic blue–green algae (cyanobacteria) in drinking and recreational water
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TLDR
Water safety guidelines for cyanobacterial toxins are under development by WHO, and a provisional guideline for microcystin‐LR of 1 μg/L has been approved.Abstract:
Toxic blue–green algae present a hazard to human populations that are exposed through drinking water or recreational activities. The toxins include hepatotoxic peptides, a cytotoxic alkaloid, neurotoxic alkaloids, and saxitoxin derivatives, with allergens and lipopolysaccharides also present. The recorded outbreaks of hepatoenteritis through drinking water have occurred in chlorinated supplies at the time of either natural or copper-induced lysis of blue–green algal water blooms. Recent deaths of dialysis patients were from liver injury caused by blue–green algal toxins contaminating a water supply carried by tanker from an algal infested reservoir source. Recreational exposures to water containing toxic blue–green algae have caused illnesses ranging from acute pneumonia and hepatoenteritis to mild skin irritation and gastroenteritis. Water safety guidelines for cyanobacterial toxins are under development by WHO, and a provisional guideline for microcystin-LR of 1 μg/L has been approved. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 5–12, 1999read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Eutrophication of U.S. freshwaters: analysis of potential economic damages.
Walter K. Dodds,Wesley W. Bouska,Jeffrey L. Eitzmann,Tyler J. Pilger,Kristen L. Pitts,Alyssa J. Riley,Joshua Schloesser,Darren J. Thornbrugh +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared current total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) concentrations for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nutrient ecoregions with estimated reference conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil
Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo,Wayne W. Carmichael,Elise M. Jochimsen,Kenneth L. Rinehart,Sharon Lau,Glendon Reginald Shaw,Geoff Eaglesham +6 more
TL;DR: Comparing victims symptoms and pathology with animal studies on these two cyanotoxins, leads us to conclude that the major contributing factor to death of the dialysis patients was intravenous exposure to microcystins, specifically microCystin-YR, -LR and -AR.
Journal ArticleDOI
State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins.
TL;DR: This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nanotechnology and Water Treatment: Applications and Emerging Opportunities
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential of novel nanomaterials for treatment of surface water, groundwater, and wastewater contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment.
TL;DR: Chlorination, possibly micro-/ultrafiltration, but especially ozonation are the most effective in destroying cyanobacteria and in removing microcystins, however, these treatments may not be sufficient during bloom situations or when a high organic load is present, and toxin levels should therefore be monitored during the water treatment process.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants.
TL;DR: The cyclic heptapeptide, microcystin‐LR, inhibits protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) with K i, values below 0.1 nM, and this results are strikingly similar to those obtained with the tumour promoter okadaic acid.
Journal ArticleDOI
Liver Failure and Death after Exposure to Microcystins at a Hemodialysis Center in Brazil
Elise M. Jochimsen,Wayne W. Carmichael,An Js,Cardo Dm,Cookson St,Holmes Ce,Antunes Mb,de Melo Filho Da,Lyra Tm,Barreto Vs,Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo,William R. Jarvis +11 more
TL;DR: Water used for hemodialysis can contain toxic materials, and its quality should therefore be carefully monitored.
Journal ArticleDOI
Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR.
Rie Nishiwaki-Matsushima,Tetsuya Ohta,Shinji Nishiwaki,Masami Suganuma,Kiyomi Kohyama,Takatoshi Ishikawa,Wayne W. Carmichael,Hirota Fujiki +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that microcystin-LR, applied below the acute toxicity level, dose-dependently increases the number and percentage area of positive foci for the placental form of glutathioneS-transferase in rat liver, which was initiated with diethylnitrosamine.
Journal ArticleDOI
Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir.
TL;DR: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a tropical blooming species of cyanobacterium (blue-green alga), was isolated from the domestic water supply reservoir on Palm Island, a continental island off the tropical northeast coast of Australia, and shown to be severely hepatotoxic for mice.
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