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Journal ArticleDOI

Effects of lipid extraction on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of fish tissues: potential consequences for food web studies

TLDR
This article examined whether solvent-based lipid extractions, commonly used for stable isotope analysis (SIA) of biota, alters δ15N or δ13C values of fish muscle tissue or whole juvenile fish.
Abstract
– We examined whether solvent-based lipid extractions, commonly used for stable isotope analysis (SIA) of biota, alters δ15N or δ13C values of fish muscle tissue or whole juvenile fish. Lipid extraction from muscle tissue led to only small (<1‰) isotope shifts in δ13C and δ15N values. By contrast, ecologically significant shifts (+3.4‰ for δ13C and +2.8‰ for δ15N) were observed for whole juvenile fish. Sample variance was not affected by lipid extraction. For tissue-specific SIA, two sample aliquots may be required: a lipid-extracted aliquot for stable carbon isotope analysis when differing lipid content among tissues is a concern, and a nonextracted aliquot for δ15N determination. Whole organism SIA is not recommended because of the mix of tissues having different turnover times; for very small fish, we recommend that fish be eviscerated, decapitated, and skinned to minimise differences with samples of muscle tissue. Resumen 1. Cada vez con mayor frecuencia, los ecologos de peces utilizan analisis de isotopos estables. Por ello, se hace cada vez mas importante comprender las fuentes de variacion, - debido a diferencias inherentes entre muestreos biologicos o como resultado de tecnicas de procesamiento de muestreo - tanto como identificar estrategias para tratar tales fuentes. Examinamos si la extraccion de lipidos basada en disolventes, comunmente utilizada en analisis de isotopos de carbono estable, altera negativamente los valores de δ15N y δ13C de tejido muscular de tres peces de tamano pequeno y de peces juveniles completos. 2. La extraccion de lipidos de musculo de pez llevo a pequenos cambios isotopicos de + +0.4 a +1.0‰ y de +0.3 a +0.5‰ para δ13C y δ15N, respectivamente. Por el contrario, la extraccion de lipidos de peces juveniles completos vario marcadamente en +3.4‰ para δ13C y +2.8‰ para δ15N - ambos cambios ecologicamente importantes. La varianza de los valores de muestreos de δ13C y de δ15N tanto para tejido muscular como para los peces completos no difirieron entre los muestreos de lipidos extraidos y muestreos sin tratamiento. 3. Nuestros resultados recomiendan el analisis de isotopos estables de tejidos especificos. Cuando ello no es posible o deseable, dos alicuotas de muestreo pueden ser requeridas: una alicuota de lipidos extraidos para el analisis de isotopos de carbono estable cuando la varianza de δ13C, debida a diferencias en el contenido de lipidos de diferentes tejidos, y una alicuota de no-extraccion para determinaciones de δ15N. 4. Dada la mezcla de tejidos, el analisis de isotopos de un organismo completo no es recomendable – en el caso de peces muy pequenos, recomendamos que los peces sean eviscerados, decapitados, y despellejados para minimizar las diferencias de muestreos de tejido muscular.

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Citations
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Influence of Diet On the Distribtion of Nitrogen Isotopes in Animals

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition and found that the variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different individuals raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets.
Journal ArticleDOI

Getting to the fat of the matter: models, methods and assumptions for dealing with lipids in stable isotope analyses

TL;DR: The results indicate that lipid extraction or normalization is most important when lipid content is variable among consumers of interest or between consumers and end members, and when differences in δ13C between end members is <10–12‰.
Journal ArticleDOI

On the Use of Stable Isotopes in Trophic Ecology

TL;DR: This work expects progress in SIA resulting from standardization of methods and models, calibration of model parameters through experimentation, andContinuing to be a useful tool in reconstructing diets, characterizing trophic relationships, elucidating patterns of resource allocation, and constructing food webs.
Journal ArticleDOI

Lipid corrections in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses: comparison of chemical extraction and modelling methods

TL;DR: This work compared chemical extraction and mathematical correction methods for freshwater and marine fishes and aquatic invertebrates to better understand impacts of correction approaches on carbon (delta(13)C) and nitrogen (d delta(15)N) stable isotope data.
Journal ArticleDOI

A revised model for lipid‐normalizing δ13C values from aquatic organisms, with implications for isotope mixing models

TL;DR: A revised lipid-normalization model is described that should be applicable to a wide range of marine and freshwater fish species in studies applying stable isotope analyses to ecological management issues and strongly advise against applying these kinds of lipid- normalization models to aquatic invertebrate data.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and discussed methods for generating an isotopic baseline and evaluate the assump- tions required to estimate the trophic position of consumers using stable isotopes in multiple ecosystem studies.
Journal ArticleDOI

Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition and found that the variability of the relationship between the δ(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different individuals raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets.

Influence of Diet On the Distribtion of Nitrogen Isotopes in Animals

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition and found that the variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different individuals raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets.
Journal ArticleDOI

Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies

TL;DR: The use of stable isotopes to solve biogeochemical problems in ecosystem analysis is increasing rapidly because stable isotope data can contribute both source-sink (tracer) and process information: the elements C, N, S, H, and all have more than one isotope, and isotopic compositions of natural materials can be measured with great precision with a mass spectrometer as mentioned in this paper.
Book ChapterDOI

δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

B. Fry, +1 more
TL;DR: Stable isotope ratios provide clues about the origins and transformations of organic matter and have been used as a tool for understanding complex ecological processes as mentioned in this paper, which has prompted increasing use of stable isotope analyses as a method to understand complex biological processes.
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