Journal ArticleDOI
Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: challenges and opportunities.
TLDR
A number of pretreatment technologies are under development and being tested in pilot scale for lignocellulose, which is the largest known renewable carbohydrate source as discussed by the authors, but these are not readily accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis and require a pretreatment, which causes an extensive modification of the lignosic structure.Abstract:
The economic dependency on fossil fuels and the resulting effects on climate and environment have put tremendous focus on utilizing fermentable sugars from lignocellulose, the largest known renewable carbohydrate source. The fermentable sugars in lignocellulose are derived from cellulose and hemicelluloses but these are not readily accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis and require a pretreatment, which causes an extensive modification of the lignocellulosic structure. A number of pretreatment technologies are under development and being tested in pilot scale. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose carbohydrates into fermentable sugars requires a number of different cellulases and hemicellulases. The hydrolysis of cellulose is a sequential breakdown of the linear glucose chains, whereas hemicellulases must be capable of hydrolysing branched chains containing different sugars and functional groups. The technology for pretreatment and hydrolysis has been developed to an extent that is close to a commercially viable level. It has become possible to process lignocellulose at high substrate levels and the enzyme performance has been improved. Also the cost of enzymes has been reduced. Still a number of technical and scientific issues within pretreatment and hydrolysis remain to be solved. However, significant improvements in yield and cost reductions are expected, thus making large-scale fermentation of lignocellulosic substrates possible. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltdread more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Methods for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and Biofuel Production
TL;DR: A review of various pretreatment process methods and the recent literature that has been developed can be found in this paper, where the goal of pretreatment is to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for conversion to fuels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept
Vishnu Menon,Mala Rao +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive state of the art describing the advancement in recent pretreaments, metabolic engineering approaches with special emphasis on the latest developments in consolidated biomass processing, current global scenario of bioethanol pilot plants and biorefinery concept for the production of biofuels and bioproducts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids
TL;DR: In this article, the application of ionic liquids to the deconstruction and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, in a process step that is commonly called pretreatment, is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insights into the oxidative degradation of cellulose by a copper metalloenzyme that exploits biomass components
R. Jason Quinlan,Matthew Sweeney,Leila Lo Leggio,Harm Otten,Jens-Christian N. Poulsen,Katja Salomon Johansen,Kristian B. R. M. Krogh,Christian Isak Jørgensen,Morten Tovborg,Annika Anthonsen,Theodora Tryfona,Clive P. Walter,Paul Dupree,Feng Xu,Gideon J. Davies,Paul H. Walton +15 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that copper is needed for GH61 maximal activity and that the formation of cellodextrin and oxidized cellodesxtrin products by GH61 is enhanced in the presence of small molecule redox-active cofactors such as ascorbate and gallate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates to Initial Platform Chemicals: Chemistry and Sustainability
TL;DR: Recent advances and developments in catalytic transformations of the carbohydrate content of lignocellulosic biomass to IPCs (i.e., ethanol, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, isoprene, succinic and levulinic acids, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) are overviewed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.
Nathan S. Mosier,Charles E. Wyman,Bruce E. Dale,Richard T. Elander,Y. Y. Lee,Mark T. Holtzapple,Michael R. Ladisch +6 more
TL;DR: This paper reviews process parameters and their fundamental modes of action for promising pretreatment methods and concludes that pretreatment processing conditions must be tailored to the specific chemical and structural composition of the various, and variable, sources of lignocellulosic biomass.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.
Ye Sun,Jiayang Cheng +1 more
TL;DR: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation effectively removes glucose, which is an inhibitor to cellulase activity, thus increasing the yield and rate of cellulose hydrolysis, thereby increasing the cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials.
Journal ArticleDOI
The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials
Arthur J. Ragauskas,Charlotte K. Williams,Brian H. Davison,George J. P. Britovsek,John Cairney,Charles A. Eckert,William J. Frederick,Jason P. Hallett,David J. Leak,Charles L. Liotta,Jonathan R. Mielenz,Richard J. Murphy,Richard H. Templer,Timothy J. Tschaplinski +13 more
TL;DR: The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production.
Michael E. Himmel,Shi You Ding,David K. Johnson,William S. Adney,Mark R. Nimlos,John W. Brady,Thomas D. Foust +6 more
TL;DR: Here, the natural resistance of plant cell walls to microbial and enzymatic deconstruction is considered, collectively known as “biomass recalcitrance,” which is largely responsible for the high cost of lignocellulose conversion.
Journal ArticleDOI
A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities.
TL;DR: With the steady increase in sequence and structural data, it is suggested that the enzyme classification system should perhaps be revised.