Dopamine systems may have two functions, the phasic transmission of reward information and the tonic enabling of postsynaptic neurons.
Abstract:
Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest t...
TL;DR: It is proposed that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them, which provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task.
TL;DR: Developmental changes in prefrontal cortex and limbic brain regions of adolescents across a variety of species, alterations that include an apparent shift in the balance between mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems likely contribute to the unique characteristics of adolescence.
TL;DR: This Review looks at some key brain theories in the biological and physical sciences from the free-energy perspective, suggesting that several global brain theories might be unified within a free- energy framework.
TL;DR: This paper presented a unified account of two neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a generic error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex.
TL;DR: While originally conceptualized as a system for redirecting attention from one object to another, recent evidence suggests a more general role in switching between networks, which may explain recent evidence of its involvement in functions such as social cognition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of the generalized delta rule is discussed and the Generalized Delta Rule is applied to the simulation results of simulation results in terms of the generalized delta rule.
TL;DR: Findings in this work indicate that dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.
TL;DR: The basal ganglia serve primarily to integrate diverse inputs from the entire cerebral cortex and to "funnel" these influences, via the ventrolateral thalamus, to the motor cortex.
Q1. What is the significance of aversive prediction errors?
The importanceof aversive prediction errors may involve descending inhibi-tory inputs to inferior olive neurons, in analogy to striatal of ambient dopamine concentrations is demonstrated experimentally by the deleterious effects of unphysiologic levelsprojections to dopamine neurons.
Q2. How many dopamine neurons are activated after full acquisition of visual and audi-?
About 100–250 dopamine neurons but stop responding after full acquisition of visual and audiare studied in each behavioral situation, and fractions of tory reaction time tasks (Ljungberg et al.
Q3. What is the significance of the delay in reward delivery?
When reward delivery is delayed for 0.5 or 1.0 s, a depression of neuronal activity occurs at the regular time of the reward, and an activation follows the reward at the new time (Hollerman and Schultz 1996).
Q4. Why is the critic-actor architecture particularly attractive for neurobiology?
The critic-actor architecture is particularly attractive for neurobiology because of its separate teaching and performance modules.
Q5. What is the effect of a monosynaptic projection on dopamine neurons?
The monosynaptic projection from dorsal responses, without ruling out inputs from globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus.raphé (Corvaja et al. 1993; Nedergaard et al. 1988) has adepressant influence on dopamine neurons (Fibiger et al.
Q6. What is the role of dopamine in learning?
The specific conditions in which phasic dopamine signalscould play a role in learning are determined by the kinds ofDegeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s disease also leads to a number of declarative and procedural learning stimuli that effectively induce a dopamine response.