Journal ArticleDOI
Ryegrass Staggers: Isolation of Potent Neurotoxins Lolitrem a and Lolitrem B From Staggers-Producing Pastures
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TLDR
Two potent neurotoxins are isolated from herbage collected from pastures on which the disease of livestock known as ldryegrass staggers rd(8)(11) occurred and appear to be new compounds not previously reported.Abstract:
Sir, — We wish to report the isolation of two potent neurotoxins from herbage collected from pastures on which the disease of livestock known as ldryegrass staggers rd(8)(11) occurred. These neurotoxins have been partially characterised by their mass spectral properties (see below) and appear to be new compounds not previously reported. We propose the general name lolitrems for the neurotoxins, based on their association with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and on their ability to produce tremors in animals, and name the isolated compounds lolitrem A and lolitrem B.read more
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Fungal Endophytes of Grasses: A Defensive Mutualism between Plants and Fungi
TL;DR: Experiments demonstrate that plant growth and seed production can be increased by infection of systemic fungal endophytes in grasses, suggesting a defensive mutualism in which the fungi defend their hosts against herbivory, thereby defending their own resources.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prenylated indole derivatives from fungi: structure diversity, biological activities, biosynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis
TL;DR: Prenylated indole alkaloids are hybrid natural products derived from prenyl diphosphates and tryptophan or its precursors and widely distributed in filamentous fungi, especially in the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus of ascomycota.
Journal ArticleDOI
The exploitation of epichloae endophytes for agricultural benefit
Linda J. Johnson,Anouck C. M. de Bonth,Lyn R. Briggs,John R. Caradus,Sarah C. Finch,Damien J. Fleetwood,LR Fletcher,David E. Hume,Richard D. Johnson,Alison J. Popay,B. A. Tapper,Wayne R. Simpson,Christine R. Voisey,Stuart D. Card +13 more
TL;DR: This review weaves together the different strands of multidisciplinary research aimed at ultimately exploiting epichloae endophytes for increased pasture performance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fungal endophytes for sustainable crop production.
TL;DR: It is argued that practices used in plant breeding, seed treatments and agriculture are among the reasons for the loss of fungal endophytes diversity in domesticated plants and accounts for the reduced effectiveness of some endophyte strains to confer plant benefits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a symbiosis-expressed gene cluster for lolitrem biosynthesis from a mutualistic endophyte of perennial ryegrass
Carolyn A. Young,Michelle K. Bryant,M.J. Christensen,B. A. Tapper,Gregory T. Bryan,Barry Scott +5 more
TL;DR: Lolitrems are potent tremorgenic mycotoxins that are synthesised by clavicipitaceous fungal endophytes of the Epichloë/Neotyphodium group in association with grasses that confer major ecological benefits on the grass–endophyte symbiotum.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The structure of paxilline, a tremorgenic metabolite of bainier
Journal ArticleDOI
Paspalinine, a tremorgenic metabolite from Claviceps paspali Stevens et Hall.
Rex T. Gallagher,Janet S. Finer,Jon Clardy,Albert Leutwiler,Franz R. Weibel,Werner Acklin,Duilio Arigoni +6 more
Journal ArticleDOI
The janthitrems: fluorescent tremorgenic toxins produced by Penicillium janthinellum isolates from ryegrass pastures
TL;DR: New tremorgenic mycotoxins named janthitrem A, B, and C (molecular weights 601, 585, and 569, respectively) were produced by more than half of 21 Penicillium janthinellum isolates obtained from ryEGrass pastures involved in ryegrass staggers outbreaks in sheep.
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Induction and prevention of ryegrass staggers in grazing sheep
TL;DR: It is shown that ryegrass stae-gers was induced in sheep that were forced to graze the base of ryEGrass-dominant pastures and these sheep ingested significantly more dead material than did unaffected sheep which were prevented from grazing the Base of the pasture.
Journal ArticleDOI
Aflatrem, a tremorgenic toxin from Aspergillus flavus
TL;DR: The structure of aflatrem, a tremorgenic toxin from A. flavus, was reported in this paper, where it was shown that the toxin can be classified into two classes.