Sporotrichosis: An Overview and Therapeutic Options
TLDR
Sporotrichosis is a chronic granulomatous mycotic infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii that is endemic in tropical/subtropical areas and characteristically involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue following traumatic inoculation of the pathogen.Abstract:
Sporotrichosis is a chronic granulomatous mycotic infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii, a common saprophyte of soil, decaying wood, hay, and sphagnum moss, that is endemic in tropical/subtropical areas. The recent phylogenetic studies have delineated the geographic distribution of multiple distinct Sporothrix species causing sporotrichosis. It characteristically involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue following traumatic inoculation of the pathogen. After a variable incubation period, progressively enlarging papulo-nodule at the inoculation site develops that may ulcerate (fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis) or multiple nodules appear proximally along lymphatics (lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis). Osteoarticular sporotrichosis or primary pulmonary sporotrichosis are rare and occur from direct inoculation or inhalation of conidia, respectively. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis or involvement of multiple visceral organs, particularly the central nervous system, occurs most commonly in persons with immunosuppression. Saturated solution of potassium iodide remains a first line treatment choice for uncomplicated cutaneous sporotrichosis in resource poor countries but itraconazole is currently used/recommended for the treatment of all forms of sporotrichosis. Terbinafine has been observed to be effective in the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Amphotericin B is used initially for the treatment of severe, systemic disease, during pregnancy and in immunosuppressed patients until recovery, then followed by itraconazole for the rest of the therapy.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sporotrichosis: an update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics*
Rosane Orofino-Costa,Priscila Marques de Macedo,Anderson Messias Rodrigues,Andréa Reis Bernardes-Engemann +3 more
TL;DR: The serological and molecular techniques are used as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis and/or for species identification, although the isolation and the identification of Sporothrix spp.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fungal dimorphism: the switch from hyphae to yeast is a specialized morphogenetic adaptation allowing colonization of a host.
TL;DR: The signalling pathways regulating the morphological transition and the transcriptional responses necessary for intracellular growth will be explored, highlighting recent advances in the understanding of the role of iron and calcium acquisition during infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiology of fungal infections in China
Min Chen,Xu Yuan,Nan Hong,Yali Yang,Wenzhi Lei,Lin Du,Jingjun Zhao,Xia Lei,Lin Xiong,Langqi Cai,Hui Xu,Weihua Pan,Wanqing Liao +12 more
TL;DR: The general incidence of superficialFungal infections in China has been stable, but the incidence of tinea capitis has decreased and the transmission route has changed, and the overall incidence of invasive fungal infections has continued to rise.
Journal ArticleDOI
Multicenter, International Study of MIC/MEC Distributions for Definition of Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Sporothrix Species Identified by Molecular Methods
Ana Espinel-Ingroff,D. P. B. Abreu,Rodrigo Almeida-Paes,R. S. N. Brilhante,Arunaloke Chakrabarti,Anuradha Chowdhary,Ferry Hagen,Susana Córdoba,Gloria M. González,Nelesh P. Govender,Josep Guarro,Elizabeth M. Johnson,Sarah E. Kidd,Sandro Antonio Pereira,Anderson Messias Rodrigues,Sonia Rozental,Maria Walderez Szeszs,R. Ballesté Alaniz,Alexandro Bonifaz,Lucas Xavier Bonfietti,Luana Pereira Borba-Santos,Javier Capilla,Arnaldo Lopes Colombo,Maribel Dolande,M. G. Isla,Marcia S. C. Melhem,Ana Cecilia Mesa-Arango,Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira,María Mercedes Panizo,Z. Pires de Camargo,Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira,J.F. Meis,John D. Turnidge +32 more
TL;DR: These ECVs could aid the clinician in identifying potentially resistant isolates (non-wild type) less likely to respond to therapy and could help establish species-specific epidemiologic cutoff values (ECVs) or breakpoints (BPs) for the species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cutaneous Disseminated and Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis: Current Status of a Complex Disease.
TL;DR: The treatment of choice for most cases is amphotericin B and subsequent itraconazole for maintenance therapy and the two main causative agents are Sporothrix schenckii (ss) and Sporoths brasiliensis.
References
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TL;DR: The phenotypic features for recognizing the new species Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. luriei are the morphology of the sessile pigmented conidia, growth at 30, 35, and 37°C, and the assimilation of sucrose, raffinose, and ribitol, which are key for recognizing these species.
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: It is found that melanin protects S. schenckii against certain oxidative antimicrobial compounds and against attack by macrophages.