Journal ArticleDOI
Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes—A compilation of recipes
Charles R. Shaw,Rupi Prasad +1 more
TLDR
Most of the methods outlined here have been used primarily for tissue extracts from mammalian species, and a few have been developed only on plants or lower animals, but this is not to say that they will not work on higher organisms.Abstract:
The technique of starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes with specific staining for activity in the gel, the so-called zymogram method developed by Hunter and Markert (1957), has found many research applications. Screening studies, comparing relatively large numbers of enzymes among a variety of tissues and organisms, are finding increasing use in research on population genetics, taxonomy, etc. The methods presently available are scattered through the literature. This compilation is published in response to numerous requests from investigators in many fields. Most of the methods outlined here have been used primarily for tissue extracts from mammalian species. A few have been developed only on plants or lower animals, but this is not to say that they will not work on higher organisms. The buffer systems have been for the most part empirically arrived at. All are probably subject to improvement. The techniques of making the gels and carrying out the electrophoresis are not described here. These have been amply presented in a number of publications. The vertical system is essentially that described by Shaw and Koen (1968b). The horizontal system is essentially as described by Beckman and Johnson (1964). The horizontal method has the advantage of employing simpler and less expensive apparatus, and it can be run at room temperature using ice trays to keep the gels cold. For many enzyme systems, it provides as good results as the vertical. Both Connaught starch (Connaught Laboratories, Toronto) and Electrostarch (Otto Hiller Company, Madison, Wisconsin) will give satisfactory results with either technique. Unfortunately, different batches of starch may produce varying results, both in rate of migration and in resolution; also, some batches contain substancesread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrogen Peroxide is Scavenged by Ascorbate-specific Peroxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts
Yoshiyuki Nakano,Kozi Asada +1 more
TL;DR: Observations confirm that the electron donor for the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in chloroplasts is L-ascorbate and that the L-ASCorbate is regenerated from DHA by the system: photosystem I-*ferredoxin-*NADP^>glutathione and a preliminary characterization of the chloroplast peroxidase is given.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees
Mary Claire King,Allan C. Wilson +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Ferns: A Compilation of Grinding Buffers, Gel and Electrode Buffers, and Staining Schedules
TL;DR: An attempt to improve methods of analysis of fern enzymes in starch gel electrophoresis by experimenting with modifications of the method of sample preparation outlined by Soltis et al. (1980), and determining gel and electrode buffers that provide clear starch gel enzyme banding for 22 enzyme systems in ferns.
Book ChapterDOI
Visualization and Interpretation of Plant Isozymes
TL;DR: Data retrieved from electrophoretic gels consist of the number and relative mobilities of various enzyme products, which with appropriate genetic analyses become transformed into single or multilocus genotypes for each individual analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish ( Brachydanio rerio )
TL;DR: Clones of homozygous fish have been produced from individual homozygotes and associated genetic methods facilitate genetic analyses of this vertebrate.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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W. H. P. Lewis,Harry Harris +1 more
TL;DR: A new method for characterizing peptidases in terms of electrophoretic behaviour in starch gel and of substrate specificity is described and genetically determined variants of two enzymes appear to be involved.