The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents--existing and new approaches
Johanna M. Gillbro,M. J. Olsson +1 more
TLDR
An overview of commonly used skin‐whitening ingredients that are commercialized is presented, and hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin.Abstract:
Skin-lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, cafe au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin-whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin.read more
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Crystal structure of Agaricus bisporus mushroom tyrosinase: identity of the tetramer subunits and interaction with tropolone.
Wangsa T. Ismaya,Henriëtte J. Rozeboom,A. Weijn,Jurriaan J. Mes,Fabrizia Fusetti,Harry J. Wichers,Bauke W. Dijkstra +6 more
TL;DR: The first structure of the full fungal tyrosinase complex from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus is presented, explaining how calcium ions stabilize the tetrameric state of the enzyme.
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Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors
TL;DR: In this review, tyrosinase inhibitors with natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origins are listed up with their structures, activities and characteristics.
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Natural Melanogenesis Inhibitors Acting Through the Down-Regulation of Tyrosinase Activity
TL;DR: This article reviews melanogenesis inhibitors that have been recently discovered from natural sources and the reaction mechanisms of the inhibitors on tyrosinase activity are discussed.
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Main Benefits and Applicability of Plant Extracts in Skin Care Products
TL;DR: Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin care purposes and are becoming more prevalent in formulations, due to consumers’ concerns about synthetic ingredients/chemical substances.
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Phytochemistry and biological properties of glabridin.
TL;DR: The current state of the literature suggests that the biological activity of glabridin mainly results from its capacity to down-regulate intracellular reactive oxygen species, bind to antioxidant effectors, and act on estrogen receptors, potentially as a plant-based Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (phytoSERM).
References
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Mutations at the mouse microphthalmia locus are associated with defects in a gene encoding a novel basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper protein.
Colin A. Hodgkinson,Karen J. Moore,Atsuo Nakayama,Eiríkur Steingrímsson,Neal G. Copeland,Nancy A. Jenkins,Heinz Arnheiter +6 more
TL;DR: Using a transgenic insertional mutation at this locus, a gene whose expression is disrupted in transgenic animals is identified and encodes a novel member of the basic-helix-loop-helIX-leucine zipper (bHLH-ZIP) protein family of transcription factors.
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Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future.
Y.-J. Kim,Hiroshi Uyama +1 more
TL;DR: This article overviews the various inhibitors obtained from natural and synthetic sources with their industrial importance, and examines the role of tyrosinase in melanin biosynthesis and its role in dermatological disorders.
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Cyclic AMP a Key Messenger in the Regulation of Skin Pigmentation
Roser Buscà,Robert Ballotti +1 more
TL;DR: It appears that melanogenic gene expression is controlled by a complex network of regulation involving other transcription factors such as Brn2, TBX2, PAX3 and SOX10, which would finally allow a fine tuning of melanocyte differentiation leading to melanin synthesis.
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Chemical and Instrumental Approaches to Treat Hyperpigmentation
TL;DR: This review describes the different approaches to obtain depigmentation, suggests a classification of whitening molecules on the basis of the mechanism by which they interfere with melanogenesis, and confirms the necessity to apply standardized protocols to evaluate depigmenting treatments.
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Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects
TL;DR: An overview of agents causing hypopigmentation in human skin is presented and it is suggested that Mammalian skin or at least keratinocytes/melanocytes co-cultures should be preferred rather than pure melanocyte cultures or soluble tyrosinase.