The role of parasitism in adaptive radiations – when might parasites promote and when might they constrain ecological speciation?
Anssi Karvonen,Ole Seehausen +1 more
TLDR
It is concluded that future studies should consider host populations at variable stages of the speciation process, and explore recurrent patterns of parasitism and resistance that could pinpoint the role of parasites in imposing the divergent selection that initiates ecological speciation.Abstract:
Research on speciation and adaptive radiation has flourished during the past decades, yet factors underlying initiation of reproductive isolation often remain unknown. Parasites represent important selective agents and have received renewed attention in speciation research. We review the literature on parasite-mediated divergent selection in context of ecological speciation and present empirical evidence for three nonexclusive mechanisms by which parasites might facilitate speciation: reduced viability or fecundity of immigrants and hybrids, assortative mating as a pleiotropic by-product of host adaptation, and ecologically-based sexual selection. We emphasise the lack of research on speciation continuums, which is why no study has yet made a convincing case for parasite driven divergent evolution to initiate the emergence of reproductive isolation. We also point interest towards selection imposed by single versus multiple parasite species, conceptually linking this to strength and multifariousness of selection. Moreover, we discuss how parasites, by manipulating behaviour or impairing sensory abilities of hosts, may change the form of selection that underlies speciation. We conclude that future studies should consider host populations at variable stages of the speciation process, and explore recurrent patterns of parasitism and resistance that could pinpoint the role of parasites in imposing the divergent selection that initiates ecological speciation.read more
Citations
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PACo: A Novel Procrustes Application to Cophylogenetic Analysis
TL;DR: Procrustean Approach to Cophylogeny (PACo), a novel statistical tool to test for congruence between phylogenetic trees, or between phylogenetically distance matrices of associated taxa, is presented.
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Evolution of the immune system influences speciation rates in teleost fishes
Martin Malmstrøm,Michael Matschiner,Ole K. Tørresen,Bastiaan Star,Lars-Gustav Snipen,Thomas F. Hansen,Helle Tessand Baalsrud,Alexander J. Nederbragt,Reinhold Hanel,Walter Salzburger,Walter Salzburger,Nils Christian Stenseth,Nils Christian Stenseth,Kjetill S. Jakobsen,Sissel Jentoft,Sissel Jentoft +15 more
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Adaptation to Low Salinity Promotes Genomic Divergence in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Paul R. Berg,Sissel Jentoft,Bastiaan Star,Kristoffer Hofaker Ring,Halvor Knutsen,Sigbjørn Lien,Kjetill S. Jakobsen,Carl André +7 more
TL;DR: The data suggest that adaptive responses to the environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea may contribute to a strong and effective reproductive barrier, and that Baltic cod can be viewed as an example of ongoing speciation.
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Contributions of natural and sexual selection to the evolution of premating reproductive isolation: a research agenda.
Rebecca J. Safran,Elizabeth S. C. Scordato,Elizabeth S. C. Scordato,Laurel B. Symes,Rafael L. Rodríguez,Tamra C. Mendelson +5 more
TL;DR: How sexual selection and natural selection are different mechanisms of evolutionary change is outlined, and it is suggested that this distinction is critical when analyzing the role of sexual selection in speciation.
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The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global-scale drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts
Patrick R. Stephens,Sonia Altizer,Katherine F. Smith,A. Alonso Aguirre,James H. Brown,Sarah A. Budischak,James E. Byers,Tad A. Dallas,T. Jonathan Davies,John M. Drake,Vanessa O. Ezenwa,Maxwell J. Farrell,John L. Gittleman,Barbara A. Han,Shan Huang,Rebecca A. Hutchinson,Pieter T. J. Johnson,Charles L. Nunn,David W. Onstad,Andrew W. Park,Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec,John Paul Schmidt,Robert Poulin +22 more
TL;DR: How the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology is considered.
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