Journal ArticleDOI
The spring mass model for running and hopping
TLDR
The model predicts the mass specific energy fluctuations of the center of mass per distance to be similar for runners and hoppers and similar to empirical data obtained for animals of various size.About:
This article is published in Journal of Biomechanics.The article was published on 1989-01-01. It has received 1582 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Kinematics & Body movement.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
How Animals Move: An Integrative View
Michael H. Dickinson,Claire T. Farley,Robert J. Full,M. A. R. Koehl,Rodger Kram,Steven L. Lehman +5 more
TL;DR: Muscles have a surprising variety of functions in locomotion, serving as motors, brakes, springs, and struts, and how they function as a collective whole is revealed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Templates and anchors: neuromechanical hypotheses of legged locomotion on land.
TL;DR: Anchored templates of many-legged, sprawled-postured animals suggest that passive, dynamic self-stabilization from a feedforward, tuned mechanical system can reject rapid perturbations and simplify control.
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Compliant leg behaviour explains basic dynamics of walking and running
TL;DR: A simple bipedal spring–mass model is shown that not stiff but compliant legs are essential to obtain the basic walking mechanics and reproduces the characteristic stance dynamics that result in the observed small vertical oscillation of the body and the observed out-of-phase changes in forward kinetic and gravitational potential energies.
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The Dynamics of Legged Locomotion: Models, Analyses, and Challenges
TL;DR: This review describes mathematical models for legged animal locomotion, focusing on rapidly running insects and highlighting past achievements and challenges that remain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leg stiffness and stride frequency in human running
TL;DR: It is concluded that the most important adjustment to the body's spring system to accommodate higher stride frequencies is that leg spring becomes stiffer.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles.
TL;DR: The author examines the relationship between ATPase activity of myosin and intrinsic speed of shortening, and the effects of nerve cross-union on properties of myOSin.
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Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure
TL;DR: During running, trotting, hopping, and galloping, the power per unit weight required to maintain the forward speed of the center of mass is almost the same in all the species studied and the sum of these two powers is almost a linear function of speed.
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The sources of external work in level walking and running.
TL;DR: A simple model, assuming that in walking the body rotates as an inverted pendulum over the foot in contact with the ground, fits the experimental data better at intermediate speeds but is no longer tenable above 7 km/hr.
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Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?
Norman Heglund,Charles R. Taylor +1 more
TL;DR: The mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied).
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Scaling Stride Frequency and Gait to Animal Size: Mice to Horses
TL;DR: The speed at the transition from trot to gallop can be used as an equivalent speed for comparing animals of different size and plotting stride frequency at the trot-gallop transition point as a function of body mass in logarithmic coordinates yields a straight line.