Journal ArticleDOI
Zinc coordination sphere in biochemical zinc sites
TLDR
The influence of zinc on quaternary protein structure has led to the identification of a fourth type of zinc binding site, protein interface, which is formed from ligands supplied from amino acid residues residing in the binding surface of two proteins.Abstract:
Zinc is known to be indispensable to growth and development and transmission of the genetic message. It does this through a remarkable mosaic of zinc binding motifs that orchestrate all aspects of metabolism. There are now nearly 200 three dimensional structures for zinc proteins, representing all six classes of enzymes and covering a wide range of phyla and species. These structures provide standards of reference for the identity and nature of zinc ligands in other proteins for which only the primary structure is known. Three primary types of zinc sites are apparent from examination of these structures: structural, catalytic and cocatalytic. The most common amino acids that supply ligands to these sites are His, Glu, Asp and Cys. In catalytic sites zinc generally forms complexes with water and any three nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur donors with His being the predominant amino acid chosen. Water is always a ligand to such sites. Structural zinc sites have four protein ligands and no bound water molecule. Cys is the preferred ligand in such sites. Cocatalytic sites contain two or three metals in close proximity with two of the metals bridged by a side chain moiety of a single amino acid residue, such as Asp, Glu or His and sometimes a water molecule. Asp and His are the preferred amino acids for these sites. No Cys ligands are found in such sites. The scaffolding of the zinc sites is also important to the function and reactivity of the bound metal. The influence of zinc on quaternary protein structure has led to the identification of a fourth type of zinc binding site, protein interface. In this case zinc sites are formed from ligands supplied from amino acid residues residing in the binding surface of two proteins. The resulting zinc site usually has the coordination properties of a catalytic or structural zinc binding site.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Fluorescent Sensors for Measuring Metal Ions in Living Systems
Journal ArticleDOI
Zinc in plants
Martin R. Broadley,Philip J. White,John P. Hammond,Ivan Zelko,Ivan Zelko,Alexander Lux,Alexander Lux +6 more
TL;DR: The dominant fluxes of Zn in the soil-root-shoot continuum are described, including Zn inputs to soils, the plant availability of soluble Zn(2+) at the root surface, and plant uptake and accumulation of ZN.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transition Metal Speciation in the Cell: Insights from the Chemistry of Metal Ion Receptors
TL;DR: The essential transition metal ions are avidly accumulated by cells, yet they have two faces: They are put to use as required cofactors, but they also can catalyze cytotoxic reactions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut
T. N. V. K. V. Prasad,P. Sudhakar,Y. Sreenivasulu,P. Latha,V. Munaswamy,K. Raja Reddy,T. S. Sreeprasad,P. R. Sajanlal,Thalappil Pradeep +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on plant growth and development were examined in the case of peanut seeds, and the effect of nanoscopic ZnO (25 nm mean particle size) at 1000 ppm concentration was found to promote seed germination and seedling vigor.
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