Andrew R. Karduna

TL;DR: A definition of a joint coordinate system (JCS) for the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand is proposed and a standard for the local axis system in each articulating segment or bone is generated.

TL;DR: 3-dimensional scapular motion patterns during dynamic shoulder movements with the use of a direct technique are described to assist in the identification of abnormal motion associated with various shoulder disorders.

TL;DR: Subacromial impingement syndrome is the most common disorder of the shoulder, resulting in functional loss and disability in the patients that it affects, and evidence exists to support the presence of the anatomical factors of inflammation of the tendons and bursa.

TL;DR: The validation of two noninvasive methods for measuring the dynamic three-dimensional kinematics of the human scapula with a magnetic tracking device indicate that with careful consideration, both methods may offer reasonably accurate representations of scapular motion that may be used to study shoulder pathologies and help develop computational models.

TL;DR: The kinematic differences found in subjects with impingement may represent scapulothoracic compensatory strategies for glenohumeral weakness or motion loss and support rehabilitation approaches that focus on strengthening and restoring flexibility.