THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Research on and the application of polyphenols, have recently attracted great interest in the functional foods, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, due to their potential health benefits to humans. However, the effectiveness of polyphenols depends on preserving the stability, bioactivity and bioavailability of the active ingredients. The unpleasant taste of most phenolic compounds also limits their application. The utilization of encapsulated polyphenols, instead of free compounds, can effectively alleviate these deficiencies. The technologies of encapsulation of polyphenols, including spray drying, coacervation, liposome entrapment, inclusion complexation, cocrystallization, nanoencapsulation, freeze drying, yeast encapsulation and emulsion, are discussed in this review. Current research, developments and trends are also discussed.

Encapsulation of polyphenols – a review

Purpose
The aim of this study was to update the compositions of biorelevant media to represent the composition and physical chemical characteristics of the gastrointestinal fluids as closely as possible while providing physical stability during dissolution runs and short-term storage.

Dissolution Media Simulating Conditions in the Proximal Human Gastrointestinal Tract: An Update

Natural polyphenols are valuable compounds possessing scavenging properties towards radical oxygen species, and complexing properties towards proteins. These abilities make polyphenols interesting for the treatment of various diseases like inflammation or cancer, but also for anti-ageing purposes in cosmetic formulations, or for nutraceutical applications. Unfortunately, these properties are also responsible for a lack in long-term stability, making these natural compounds very sensitive to light and heat. Moreover, polyphenols often present a poor biodisponibility mainly due to low water solubility. Lastly, many of these molecules possess a very astringent and bitter taste, which limits their use in food or in oral medications. To circumvent these drawbacks, delivery systems have been developed, and among them, encapsulation would appear to be a promising approach. Many encapsulation methods are described in the literature, among which some have been successfully applied to plant polyphenols. In this review, after a general presentation of the large chemical family of plant polyphenols and of their main chemical and biological properties, encapsulation processes applied to polyphenols are classified into physical, physico-chemical, chemical methods, and other connected stabilization methods. After a brief description of each encapsulation process, their applications to polyphenol encapsulation for pharmaceutical, food or cosmetological purposes are presented.

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Encapsulation of Natural Polyphenolic Compounds; a Review

Background Bioactive compounds possess plenty of health benefits, but they are chemically unstable and susceptible to oxidative degradation. The application of pure bioactive compounds is also very limited in food and drug formulations due to their fast release, low solubility, and poor bioavailability. Encapsulation can preserve the bioactive compounds from environmental stresses, improve physicochemical functionalities, and enhance their health-promoting and anti-disease activities. Scope and approach Micro and nano-encapsulation based techniques and systems have great importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. This review highlights the recent advances in micro and nano-encapsulation of bioactive compounds. We comprehensively discussed the importance of encapsulation, the application of biopolymer-based carrier agents and lipid-based transporters with their functionalities, suitability of encapsulation techniques in micro and nano-encapsulation, as well as different forms of improved and novel micro and nano-encapsulate systems. Key findings and conclusions Both micro and nano-encapsulation have an extensive application, but nano-encapsulation can be a promising approach for encapsulation purposes. Maltodextrin in combination with gums or other polysaccharides or proteins can offer an advantageous formulation for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds by using encapsulation techniques. Electro-spinning and electro-spraying are promising technologies in micro and nano-encapsulation, while solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers are exposing themselves as the promising and new generation of lipid nano-carriers for bioactive compounds. Moreover, phytosome, nano-hydrogel, and nano-fiber are also efficient and novel nano-vehicles for bioactive compounds. Further studies are required for the improvement of existing encapsulate systems and exploring their application in food and gastrointestinal systems for industrial application.

Advances in micro and nano-encapsulation of bioactive compounds using biopolymer and lipid-based transporters

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes. Clove is native of Indonesia but nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world including Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and posses great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications. This review includes the main studies reporting the biological activities of clove and eugenol. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than many fruits, vegetables and other spices and should deserve special attention. A new application of clove as larvicidal agent is an interesting strategy to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in Brazil and other tropical countries. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies were also mentioned. The different studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use of clove as food preservative and medicinal plant standing out the importance of this plant for different applications.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/298802.pdf

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.

Recent findings that many human chronic diseases are associated with oxidative stresses have instigated the search for dietary antioxidants. Isoflavones, a special phenolic group found in soybean, have been found to act as antioxidant in some model systems. The aim of this work was the evaluation the effects of spray drying on the chemical and biological properties of soybean extract. The total polyphenol contents in the concentrated soybean extract (CSE) and spray dried soybean extract (SDSE) were determined by Folin–Ciocalteau method and HPLC was utilized for the quantification of the genistein, active compound used as a chemical marker. The evaluation of antioxidant activity of CSE and SDSE was assessed by the hydrogen-donor ability to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH ). The results indicated that the inlet gas temperature showed significant effect on the total polyphenol, protein and genistein contents of the dried extracts. The SDSE obtained this work showed high antioxidant activity, opening perspectives for its use as food additive and/or ingredient.

Spray drying of the soybean extract: Effects on chemical properties and antioxidant activity

Encapsulation of eugenol rich clove extract in solid lipid carriers

Spray drying is a technique commonly used to produce powdered phytopharmaceutical ingredients from medicinal plants. Product quality is related to operating conditions and the drying carriers used. Bidens pilosa L. is a South American plant with proved antiinflamatory, antimalaric, antitumoral and hepatoprotector activities. The aim of this work was to optimize the processing variables inlet drying temperature, plant extract feed flow rate and drying composition on the properties of the powdered B. pilosa compositions. Experimental planning, regression and multiple response analysis were used in data processing and to optimize the drying conditions. The responses evaluated were total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, concentration of selected plant compounds, particle size, residual moisture content, solubility, flow properties, product recovery and drying efficiency. Results showed that inlet drying temperature was the factor that showed significant influence in most of the responses. The concentration of the bioactive marker compounds monitored decrease conversely with inlet spray drying temperature. Powders obtained at low inlet drying temperatures presented higher residual moisture and particle size, favouring flow properties. The optimized conditions based on the mathematical models fitted to experimental data were: Aerosil®:Cellulose 13:37%, extract feed rate 8.95 mg/min and inlet gas temperature of 155.2 °C.

Claudia R. F. Souza

Papers

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.

Spray drying of the soybean extract: Effects on chemical properties and antioxidant activity

Encapsulation of eugenol rich clove extract in solid lipid carriers

Optimization of spray drying conditions for production of Bidens pilosa L. dried extract

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava L. spray dried extracts