Background Bioactive compounds possess plenty of health benefits, but they are chemically unstable and susceptible to oxidative degradation. The application of pure bioactive compounds is also very limited in food and drug formulations due to their fast release, low solubility, and poor bioavailability. Encapsulation can preserve the bioactive compounds from environmental stresses, improve physicochemical functionalities, and enhance their health-promoting and anti-disease activities. Scope and approach Micro and nano-encapsulation based techniques and systems have great importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. This review highlights the recent advances in micro and nano-encapsulation of bioactive compounds. We comprehensively discussed the importance of encapsulation, the application of biopolymer-based carrier agents and lipid-based transporters with their functionalities, suitability of encapsulation techniques in micro and nano-encapsulation, as well as different forms of improved and novel micro and nano-encapsulate systems. Key findings and conclusions Both micro and nano-encapsulation have an extensive application, but nano-encapsulation can be a promising approach for encapsulation purposes. Maltodextrin in combination with gums or other polysaccharides or proteins can offer an advantageous formulation for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds by using encapsulation techniques. Electro-spinning and electro-spraying are promising technologies in micro and nano-encapsulation, while solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers are exposing themselves as the promising and new generation of lipid nano-carriers for bioactive compounds. Moreover, phytosome, nano-hydrogel, and nano-fiber are also efficient and novel nano-vehicles for bioactive compounds. Further studies are required for the improvement of existing encapsulate systems and exploring their application in food and gastrointestinal systems for industrial application.

Advances in micro and nano-encapsulation of bioactive compounds using biopolymer and lipid-based transporters

Today, there is an ever-growing interest on natural food ingredients both by consumers and producers in the food industry. In fact, people are looking for those products in the market which are free from artificial and synthetic additives and can promote their health. These food bioactive ingredients should be formulated in such a way that protects them against harsh process and environmental conditions and safely could be delivered to the target organs and cells. Nanoencapsulation is a perfect strategy for this situation and there have been many studies in recent years for nanoencapsulation of food components and nutraceuticals by different technologies. In this review paper, our main goal is firstly to have an overview of nanoencapsulation techniques applicable to food ingredients in a systematic classification, i.e., lipid-based nanocarriers, nature-inspired nanocarriers, special-equipment-based nanocarriers, biopolymer nanocarriers, and other miscellaneous nanocarriers. Then, application of these cutting-edge nanocarriers for different nutraceuticals including phenolic compounds and antioxidants, natural food colorants, antimicrobial agents and essential oils, vitamins, minerals, flavors, fish oils and essential fatty acids will be discussed along with presenting some examples in each field.

A systematic review on nanoencapsulation of food bioactive ingredients and nutraceuticals by various nanocarriers

Background Spray drying is extensively used to preserve fruit and vegetable juices in powder form The major concern is to obtain high quality fruit and vegetable powders, which requires optimization of spray drying conditions High drying temperature damages sensitive bioactive compounds, carrier agent protects such compounds and other factors involved in spray drying affect physicochemical and microstructural attributes of the product Scope and approach This review summarizes current trends of spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices, covering principles of spray drying, physicochemical and microstructural effects of spray drying conditions, optimization of spray drying conditions and new developments in spray drying Several new techniques have been introduced into spray drying, helping to overcome its limitations These techniques are posted to set new standards for the production of high quality fruit and vegetable powders in industrial application Key findings and conclusions The most significant factors in spray drying are inlet temperature and carrier agent Successful spray drying enhances physical properties of powdered products, while preserving bioactive compounds with the help of carrier agents or their combinations Response surface methodology is the most suitable tool for optimization of spray drying conditions The application of ultrasound technique during atomization, vacuum drying chamber with controlled atmosphere, and supply of dehumidified air to drying chamber of basic spray dryer have distinctly improved the potential of the technology over conventional spray drying These advances will contribute to further research improvement of drying of fruit and vegetable juices by conventional approaches as well as modified spray drying techniques

Trends of spray drying: A critical review on drying of fruit and vegetable juices

Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice that has been used for food preservation and possesses various pharmacological activities. S. aromaticum is rich in many phytochemicals as follows: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbon, and phenolic compounds. Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil. Pharmacologically, S. aromaticum has been examined toward various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, Plasmodium, Babesia, Theileria parasites, Herpes simplex, and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports documented the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity of eugenol against several pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against CCl4−induced hepatotoxicity and showed a potential lethal efficacy against the multiplication of various parasites including Giardia lamblia, Fasciola gigantica, Haemonchus contortus, and Schistosoma mansoni. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of clove extracts along with clove essential oil and the main active compound, eugenol, and implicates new findings from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.

/pdf/syzygium-aromaticum-l-myrtaceae-traditional-uses-bioactive-l6jn6v82jv.pdf

Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities.

Background Spray-drying is one of the highly utilized techniques to increase the shelf-life of food products. However, there are problems during spray-drying of sugar-rich fruit and vegetable juices due to the low glass transition temperature of sugars present in these products (Bhandari, Datta, & Howes, 1997). The sugars transform into a sticky form which increases the deposition at the surface of the drying chamber, which eventually decreases product yield. To achieve an effective drying and to obtain an acceptable product, drying conditions must be optimized. Scope and approach Product yield and physical properties of the final powder are affected by various factors, including carrier material and its concentration added into the feed, feed flow rate, atomization speed/pressure, and drying temperature. This paper reviews the effects of these conditions on yield and the physical properties of the final product. Key findings and conclusions Recent studies have clearly shown that milk-based protein isolates as carrier materials are more effective, according to product yield in lower ratios, than carbohydrate-based carrier materials. Physical characteristics of the final powder vary according to process parameters.

Spray-drying of fruit and vegetable juices: Effect of drying conditions on the product yield and physical properties

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes. Clove is native of Indonesia but nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world including Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and posses great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications. This review includes the main studies reporting the biological activities of clove and eugenol. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than many fruits, vegetables and other spices and should deserve special attention. A new application of clove as larvicidal agent is an interesting strategy to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in Brazil and other tropical countries. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies were also mentioned. The different studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use of clove as food preservative and medicinal plant standing out the importance of this plant for different applications.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/298802.pdf

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.

Encapsulation of eugenol rich clove extract in solid lipid carriers

This article reports a study of the effects of the drying methods and drying carriers on system performance and physicochemical properties of spray- and spouted bed–dried phytopharmaceutical preparations from Bidens pilosa L. Colloidal silicon dioxide, β-cyclodextrin, maltodextrin dextrose equivalent (DE) 10, and microcrystalline cellulose were used as drying carriers. The dried product was characterized by the particle size and morphology, total flavonoid content, solubility, flowability, and water activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect four marker compounds previously reported for this plant. Spray and spouted bed drying systems were compared through energetic efficiency, product recovery, elutriation, and product accumulation. The crystalline state of the powders was assessed by X-ray diffraction. Results showed high degradation rates for total flavonoid content and marker compounds during spouted bed drying. Depending on the drying carrier added to extractive soluti...

Physicochemical Properties of Phytopharmaceutical Preparations as Affected by Drying Methods and Carriers

Spray drying is a technique commonly used to produce powdered phytopharmaceutical ingredients from medicinal plants. Product quality is related to operating conditions and the drying carriers used. Bidens pilosa L. is a South American plant with proved antiinflamatory, antimalaric, antitumoral and hepatoprotector activities. The aim of this work was to optimize the processing variables inlet drying temperature, plant extract feed flow rate and drying composition on the properties of the powdered B. pilosa compositions. Experimental planning, regression and multiple response analysis were used in data processing and to optimize the drying conditions. The responses evaluated were total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, concentration of selected plant compounds, particle size, residual moisture content, solubility, flow properties, product recovery and drying efficiency. Results showed that inlet drying temperature was the factor that showed significant influence in most of the responses. The concentration of the bioactive marker compounds monitored decrease conversely with inlet spray drying temperature. Powders obtained at low inlet drying temperatures presented higher residual moisture and particle size, favouring flow properties. The optimized conditions based on the mathematical models fitted to experimental data were: Aerosil®:Cellulose 13:37%, extract feed rate 8.95 mg/min and inlet gas temperature of 155.2 °C.

Optimization of spray drying conditions for production of Bidens pilosa L. dried extract

The total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenols content (TPC), and in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) of six Bidens pilosa L., Asteraceae, populations harvested from different localities were evaluated in this work. The plants were separated in roots, stems, and leaves/flowers, and the influence of extraction methods was investigated.Areversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was developed and employed to obtain characteristic HPLC fingerprints of the bioactive compounds present in the extractive solutions, which were correlated with the TFC, TPC, and AA. Extractive solutions of leaves/flowers presented a higher AA when compared with those obtained from other parts of the plant (IC50 of 35.35±0.10 µg/mL). The stem extracts presented the lowest AA (IC50 117.2±1.96 µg/mL). A direct correlation of AA with TFC and TPC was evidenced. The highest AA was obtained by dynamic maceration and was statistically different from the AA presented by the extractive solutions obtained by other extraction methods. The results of this work evidenced differences that can be found at different stages of development of phytopharmaceutical preparations from B. pilosa and highlighted the importance of using the concentration of marker compounds as well as HPLC fingerprints as quality control parameters.

Diego F. Cortés-Rojas

Papers

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.

Encapsulation of eugenol rich clove extract in solid lipid carriers

Physicochemical Properties of Phytopharmaceutical Preparations as Affected by Drying Methods and Carriers

Optimization of spray drying conditions for production of Bidens pilosa L. dried extract

Bioactive compounds in Bidens pilosa L. populations: a key step in the standardization of phytopharmaceutical preparations