2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common comorbidity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). CVD’s prevalence has been growing over time. To estimate the current prevalence of CVD among adults with T2DM by reviewing literature published within the last 10 years (2007–March 2017). We searched Medline, Embase, and proceedings of major scientific meetings for original research documenting the prevalence of CVD in T2DM. CVD included stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular death. No restrictions were placed on country of origin or publication language. Two reviewers independently searched for articles and extracted data, adjudicating results through consensus. Data were summarized descriptively. Risk of bias was examined by applying the STROBE checklist. We analyzed data from 57 articles with 4,549,481 persons having T2DM. Europe produced the most articles (46%), followed by the Western Pacific/China (21%), and North America (13%). Overall in 4,549,481 persons with T2DM, 52.0% were male, 47.0% were obese, aged 63.6 ± 6.9 years old, with T2DM duration of 10.4 ± 3.7 years. CVD affected 32.2% overall (53 studies, N = 4,289,140); 29.1% had atherosclerosis (4 studies, N = 1153), 21.2% had coronary heart disease (42 articles, N = 3,833,200), 14.9% heart failure (14 studies, N = 601,154), 14.6% angina (4 studies, N = 354,743), 10.0% myocardial infarction (13 studies, N = 3,518,833) and 7.6% stroke (39 studies, N = 3,901,505). CVD was the cause of death in 9.9% of T2DM patients (representing 50.3% of all deaths). Risk of bias was low; 80 ± 12% of STROBE checklist items were adequately addressed. Globally, overall CVD affects approximately 32.2% of all persons with T2DM. CVD is a major cause of mortality among people with T2DM, accounting for approximately half of all deaths over the study period. Coronary artery disease and stroke were the major contributors.

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Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007-2017

2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a rising epidemic in the last century, more pressing in the last few decades with the exponential rise of obesity, and has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Genetic variants have also been a new field of epidemiology research to determine the underlying genetic component of those risk factors and the association of DM with CVD. In light of its significant prevalence, patients remain unaware of their disease progression that arises from genetic and metabolic risk factors. As compared to non-diabetics, those with type 2 DM carry a higher mortality risk from cardiovascular disease (CVD) across different ethnicity groups and sex. The most common cardiovascular manifestations in those with DM include heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary heart disease. Although DM does predispose patients to CVD, it in fact is not a risk equivalent, but carries significant heterogeneity in risk for CVD.

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is often considered a risk equivalent for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the variation in CVD risk in adults with DM has not been described. Methods: We studied 1114 US adults aged ≥18 years with DM from national survey data and the proportion at low ( 20%) risk, or with CVD, by age, gender, ethnicity and diabetes type and treatment, and glycaemic and risk factor control by risk group. Results: Overall, 22.9% were low, 17.5% intermediate, 31.4% high risk and 28.2% had pre-existing CVD (total 59.6% high risk/CVD). More Hispanics (32.4%) and Blacks (30.6%) versus Whites (18.8%) were at lower risk (p 50% have metabolic syndrome and 7% chronic kidney disease, increasing the high risk/ CVD group to 86.8%. Simultaneous achievement of HbA1c, blood pressure and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol goals was low (<15%) regardless of risk group. Conclusions: Many DM patients are not at high 10-year CVD risk, but metabolic factors may place them at greater long-term risk. Risk assessment could help target the intensity of treatment.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1479164112436403

Global cardiovascular disease risk assessment in United States adults with diabetes

Aims Data on glucose and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor control among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) according to insulin treatment status are lacking. We examined DM control, risk factors, and comorbidities among U.S. persons according to insulin treatment status. Methods In the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003–2006, we examined in 10,637 adults aged ≥30 with type 2 DM the extent of control of A1c, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, and blood pressure (BP) and composite goal attainment by insulin use status. Results 6.6% ( n =889, projected to 14.3 million) had type 2 DM; of these, 22.9% were insulin users and 57.2% were treated only by other diabetes medications. Overall, 58.2% had an A1c 2 . Only 10.2% were simultaneously at A1c, LDL, and BP goals (5.4% of those on insulin). Conclusions U.S. adults with type 2 DM, especially those treated with insulin remain inadequately controlled for A1c and CVD risk factors and have a high prevalence of comorbidities.

Comparison of demographic factors and cardiovascular risk factor control among U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes by insulin treatment classification

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between angiographic lesion complexity and the extent of lipid core plaque (LCP) identified by catheter-based near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).



Background

The angiographic complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is used to predict outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The SYNTAX score, an angiographic tool quantifying the complexity of CAD, is associated with PCI outcomes. Recently, a novel catheter-based imaging technique using NIRS can identify LCP, which also is associated with PCI periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI). However, it is unknown whether these events are related to distinct adverse event prone pathobiology, such as a LCP within a complex angiographic lesion. Thus, we hypothesized that LCP identified by NIRS would be associated with high SYNTAX score.



Methods

Seventy-eight patients who underwent coronary angiography and target-vessel NIRS were selected from the Chemometric Observations of Lipid Core Containing Plaques of Interest in Native Coronary Arteries Registry, an industry sponsored registry to collate clinical findings in all patients undergoing NIRS evaluation. A lipid core burden index (LCBI) was obtained from the scan of the proximal 50 mm of the target vessel. Three vessel SYNTAX (total, tSYN) and target single vessel (only NIRS-interrogated vessel) SYNTAX (1vSYN) scores were calculated and compared to LCBI. High LCBI was defined as (>110) and was compared to tertile scores for 1vSYN score (low 0–5, intermediate 6–10, high ≥11) and previously established tertiles for tSYN score (low 0–22, intermediate 23–32, high ≥33).



Results

Patients had mean age of 63 years with prevalence of females (10%), diabetes mellitus (28%), hypertension (88%), and smoking history (72%); 1vSYN and tSYN scores correlated poorly with LCBI [(r2 = 0.25; P = 0.02; n = 78) and (r2 = 0.24; P = 0.04; n = 78), respectively]. Mean LCBI did not differ significantly across all tertiles of 1vSYN or tSYN scores.



Conclusions

Angiographic SYNTAX score only weakly correlated with LCBI. It is of interest as well that high LCBI was also present in cases of low SYNTAX scores. The disparity between the degree of angiographic complexity and the amount of LCP supports postulated mechanisms of the adverse event propensity even in patients who demonstrate low angiographic complexity. Future studies are necessary to address the clinical significance of high LCBI in patients with low-to-intermediate angiographic complexity and their potential for PCI-related complications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Disparity between angiographic coronary lesion complexity and lipid core plaques assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) is a rare complication after myocardial infarction and usually occurs 1 to 4 days after the infarct. Over the past decade, the overall incidence of LVFWR has decreased given the advancements in reperfusion therapies. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant delay in hospital presentation of patients suffering myocardial infarctions, leading to a higher incidence of mechanical complications from myocardial infarctions such as LVFWR. We present a case in which a patient suffered a LVFWR as a mechanical complication from myocardial infarction due to delay in seeking care over fear of contracting COVID-19 from the medical setting. The patient had been having chest pain for a few days but refused to seek medical care due to fear of contracting COVID-19 from within the medical setting. He eventually suffered a cardiac arrest at home from a massive inferior myocardial infarction and found to be in cardiac tamponade from a left ventricular perforation. He was emergently taken to the operating room to attempt to repair the rupture but he ultimately expired on the operating table. The occurrence of LVFWR has been on a more significant rise over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic as patients delay seeking care over fear of contracting COVID-19 from within the medical setting. Clinicians should consider mechanical complications of MI when patients present as an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, as delay in seeking care is often the exacerbating factor.

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Left ventricular free wall rupture as a result of delayed presentation of an inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction due to fear of COVID-19: case report.

Diana Glovaci

Papers

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

Global cardiovascular disease risk assessment in United States adults with diabetes

Comparison of demographic factors and cardiovascular risk factor control among U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes by insulin treatment classification

Disparity between angiographic coronary lesion complexity and lipid core plaques assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Left ventricular free wall rupture as a result of delayed presentation of an inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction due to fear of COVID-19: case report.