The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic basis of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Egypt. Multidrug resistance phenotypes were found in 34 of 112 (30.4%) Gram-negative bacterial isolates, which harbored at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. The most prevalent multidrug-resistant (MDR) species were Enterobacter cloacae (8 isolates, 7.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7 isolates, 6.3%), Klebsiella oxytoca (7 isolates, 6.3%), Escherichia coli (5 isolates, 4.5%), and Citrobacter freundii (3 isolates, 2.7%). The most commonly observed resistance phenotypes were against ampicillin (97.0%), streptomycin (94.1%), tetracycline (91.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.2%), nalidixic acid (85.3%), and chloramphenicol (76.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 28 (25.0%) isolates. The gene cassettes within class 1 integrons included those encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA15, dfrA17, and dfrA25), aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadA7, aadA12, aadA22, and aac(3)-Id), chloramphenicol (cmlA), erythromycin (ereA2), and rifampicin (arr-3). Class 2 integrons were identified in 6 isolates (5.4%) with three different profiles. Furthermore, the β-lactamase encoding genes, bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), and bla(OXA), the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, qnr and aac(6)-Ib-cr, and the florfenicol resistance gene, floR, were also identified. To the best of our knowledge, the results identified class 2 integrons, qnr and aac(6)-Ib-cr from cases of mastitis for the first time. This is the first report of molecular characterization for antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis in Africa.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00323.x

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis in Egypt.

Untreatable bacterial infections become treatable due to the discovery of antibiotics in the previous century but their inappropriate and irrational uses ultimately led to emergence of resistant microbial population. Genes responsible for conferring resistance are transferred horizontally via conjugation; transduction or transformation. Tetracyclines and beta lactams represent 50% each of the total antibiotics used in feeds and global antibiotic consumption respectively. Due to development of antibiotic resistance there may be failure of the resistant bacteria to respond to the prescribed treatment; risk of infectious diseases becoming uncontrollable; financial burden; advanced therapeutic approaches may get jeopardized and ultimately resistant organisms may spread to distant countries and continents. Both intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms are involved in bacterial antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) are among the most striking antibiotic resistant microbes in the recent years. Factors driving antibiotic resistance include: inadequate national commitment; improper surveillance; irrational use of drugs; poor disease prevention and insufficient diagnostics and therapeutics etc. Limiting infectious diseases; judicious uses of antibiotics; precise selection and completing the full course of antibiotics; and regular surveillance, monitoring and continuous vigilance are the steps to limit antibiotic resistance. The most common antibiotic-resistant organisms sourced from animals are some strains of E. coli; Salmonella etc., which can also infect humans. Disc diffusion method and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods; gas chromatography (GC); High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV mass spectrometry (MS) and nano quantity analyte detectors; microfluidic methods and electrochemical methods; European Union four-plate test (EU4pt); Frontier Post Test (FPT) are used to detect antibiotic residues. Use of penicillin or sulphonamides has raised public health and industrial issues. Prevention and control measures require involvement of various governmental agencies for accurate testing and screening; surveillance and monitoring. Along with this alternative therapeutic approaches viz. bacteriophages; virophage and mycophage; avian egg yolk antibody; cytokines and herbal; panchgavya and vaccine therapy; and diagnostics are the need of hours. The present review discusses all these aspects of antibiotic resistance and their solutions ultimately for social benefit with particular reference to emerging antibiotic resistance in animals and humans, its challenges, detection, antibiotic residues, prevention and control measures along with current and future scenario at International level, which would be helpful for formulating strategies for safeguarding health of animals as well as humans.

Antibiotic resistance - an emerging health problem: causes, worries, challenges and solutions - a review

Aim: The present study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence and drug sensitivity pattern of causative agents of mastitis in and around Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India.

Materials and Methods: A total of 74 milk samples were collected and bacterial isolates from 72 samples were obtained and subjected to in-vitro chemotherapeutic sensitivity test.

Results: Out of 72 samples, 32 (44.44%) were found positive for Staphylococci species, 4 (5.5%) for Streptococci species, 30 (41.66%) for E.coli and 6 (8.33%) for Klebsiella species. The drug sensitivity test performed irrespective of isolates, revealed sensitivity of organisms to various antibiotics and none of the isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin G.

Conclusion: Enrofloxacin was found to be more effective antibiotic among all the tested antibiotics.

/pdf/antibiogram-of-mastitis-pathogens-in-the-milk-of-crossbred-2581un0e1p.pdf

Antibiogram of mastitis pathogens in the milk of crossbred cows in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu.

Global and countrywide prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and buffaloes by systematic review and meta-analysis.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2011 to March 2012 on lactating dairy cows to determine the overall prevalence of bovine mastitis, identify associated risk factors and isolate the predominant bacterial agents involved in causing mastitis in and around Wolaita Sodo. A total of 349 lactating cows were examined for mastitis using clinical examination and California mastitis test (CMT). Bacteriological methods were also employed to isolate the causative bacteria. An overall 29.5% (95% CI: 24.7, 34.3) prevalence of mastitis was recorded in the area of which 2.6% (95% CI: 0.9, 4.3) were clinical and 26.9% (95% CI: 22.2, 31.6) subclinical cases. About 90 bacterial isolates belonging to 6 species were identified from mastitic milk samples. The isolates based on their relative frequency of occurrence were Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Streptococcus agalactiae (17.78%), Escherichia coli (17.78%), Staphylococcus epidermids (13.3%), Corynebacterium bovis (12.2%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (8.9%). The prevalence of mastitis varied significantly (p<0.05) among breeds, where the highest prevalence was recorded in Jersey (60% (95% CI: 49.3, 70.7)), followed by Holstein-Zebu cross (30.8% (95% CI: 22.9, 38.7)) and Zebu (10.8% (95% CI: 5.6, 16.0)). It was also appreciated that lactation stage and parity significantly (p<0.05) influenced the occurrence of mastitis. Animals at early stage of lactation were severely affected with mastitis than at end and mid lactation stages. The prevalence of mastitis was found to have a direct relation with parity, as the occurrence of mastitis increased with parity. Inadequate sanitation of dairy environment and lack of proper attention to health of mammary gland were important factors (P<0.05) contributing to the prevalence of mastitis. Generally, the study showed that mastitis is an important problem and a serious threat for dairy industry in the study area. Therefore, appropriate control measures targeting the specific causative agents should be in place to reduce the impact of the disease. The farmers should also be aware of the impact of the disease and practice hygienic milking, culling of chronic mastitis carriers and treating of clinically infected cows.

	Key words: Bacterial isolates, bovine mastitis, lactating cow, prevalence, risk factors, Wolaita Sodo.

Prevalence, risk factors and major bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in and around Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia

The primary objective of this study was to determine the aetiology of bovine mastitis in ten herds of Holstein Friesian cow in Jordan, the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in dairy cows and their resistance to selected antimicrobial agents. Milk samples were collected from 220 lactating cows to determine the clinical and subclinical mastitis by white side test and confirmed by cultural tests. It was found that 138 quarters 15.7% had been diagnosed as clinical mastitis with definite gross pathological lesions and change in udder secretion, in addition to that 276 quarters 31.4% showed subclinical mastitis. The incidence of mastitis was found to be increased in older cows. Staphylococcus aurous was considered to be the most common cause of both clinical and subclinical mastitis and followed by coli forms, streptococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., proteus spp. and pseudomonas spp. Sensitivity tests was applied to different isolated strains using tertracycline, ampicillin, neomycin, erythromycin, penicillin G and sulphamethoxazol trimethoprim.

Prevalence and Distribution of Mastitis Pathogens and their Resistance Against Antimicrobial Agents in Dairy Cows in Jordan

The hypothesis that arginine supplementation would increase antibodies production and concentrations of estrogen and progesterone-via stimulate Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone(GnRH)-in sheep was investigated. In experiment 1: Twelve Awassi ewes aged between 3.5-4.0 years weighing 48.0 +/- 2.5 kg were assigned randomly to four groups, to find whether the route of arginine administration would reflect different percentages of white blood cells, arginine and Immunoglobuline G (IgG) in the blood of ewes or not. Ewes in group one were fed ration supplemented with protected arginine (0.5 g kg(-1) of body weight) (arginine group). Ewes in group tow were intravenous injected (i.v.) by arginine (i.v. group), whereas ewes in group three were intramuscular injected (i.m. group), group four was assigned as a control group. Percentages of white blood cells (Neutrophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes) were recorded as well as concentrations of arginine and Immunoglobuline G (IgG) in blood of ewes were recorded. Percentage of neutrophils were increased (p < 0.01) 6 h of treatment, whereas percentage of monocytes were increased (p < 0.01) 12 h of treatment, meanwhile lymphocytes were decreased (p < 0.01) 6 h of treatment. In general the increase and decrease of white blood cells were the highest in i.v. group, followed by arginine group, Im group, respectively in comparison with control group. Route of arginine administration affected the concentration of arginine in ewes blood. Levels of arginine were the highest in i.v. group (1697.67+/- 945.25 mmol L(-1)), followed by i.m. group (687.33 +/- 102.71 mmol L(-1)), arginine group (335.00 +/- 17.90 mmol L(-1)), respectively in comparison with control group (293.33 +/- 42.48 mmol L(-1)). There were no significant differences between groups in IgG concentrations. In experiment 11: Twelve Awassi ewes aged between 3.5-4.0 years weighing 53.30 +/- 3.3 kg were used to find if that arginine supplementation would increase ovulation rate and concentrations of estrogen and progesterone. Experimental ewes were synchronized using intravaginal progestagen sponges. On day of sponges removal, ewes were divided into two groups. Ewes in group one were fed ration supplemented with protected arginine (0.5 g kg(-1) of body weight) for 15 days; the second group was assigned as a control group. Concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in ewes blood beside the number of corpora lutea were recorded. Results showed that treatment with arginine increased the number of corpora lutea (2.38 +/- 0.67) in comparison with control group (1.00 +/- 0.58) which lead to increase lambing and twinning rate. Although of estrogen concentrations were fluctuated, but it was higher (5.92 +/- 0.33 pg mL(-1)) in arginine group than control group (4.56 +/- 1.06 pg mL(-1)). On the other hand progesterone concentrations were higher (p < 0.01) (4.21 +/- 0.83 ng mL(-1)) in arginine group in comparison with control group (1.79 +/- 0.31 ng mL(-1)).

The effect of arginine supplementation on some blood parameters, ovulation rate and concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in female Awassi sheep.

This study aimed to screen the in vitro antimicrobial activity of 10 plant essential oils (EOs) against 4 Cronobacter sakazakii strains, and use these oils or their combination to control C. sakazakii cocktail at low (3 log 10 CFU/ml) and high (6 log 10 CFU/ml) contamination levels in reconstituted infant milk formula (RIMF). Cinnamon and fir oils were the most inhibitory to C. sakazakii strains with inhibition zone of 32 to 40 mm at 20 µl/disc (the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.16 and 0.625 µl/ml, respectively). The addition of each of cinnamon or fir oil at 1% (v/v) reduced the C. sakazakii numbers in RIMF by 0.7-0.8 log 10 CFU/ml when inoculated with high contamination level and by 2.5-3.1 log 10 CFU/ml when inoculated with low contamination level. However, the combination of cinnamon and fir oils reduced C. sakazakii numbers at both inoculum levels to undetectable levels after 3 h of incubation at 37°C. The results of the current study indicated that a combination of cinnamon and fir oils has a potent antimicrobial activity which may potentially be used to control C. sakazakii in RIMF.

/pdf/inactivation-of-cronobacter-sakazakii-in-reconstituted-4rcy8cyzd4.pdf

Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant milk formula by plant essential oils

The present study was conducted in the poultry farm of Al-Shouback University College in the campus of Al-Balqa Applied University to evaluate the effect of drinking Labaneh whey on broiler performance. Fresh labaneh whey was mixed with the drinking water of broilers at rates of 0, 25, 50 and 75%. The experimental treatments of labaneh whey were offered ad libitum during the age 4-8 weeks of lohman broilers reared in an open-sided poultry house. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that, growth rate, body gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dressing percentage were significantly (p<0.05) reduced of broilers supplemented with Labaneh whey in the drinking water. Cumulative mortality rate of broilers was significantly (p<0.05) increased by increasing the level of labaneh whey above 25%. These results indicated that, using the labaneh whey as a by-product feed additive in the drinking water has a significant (p<0.05) negative effect on the performance of 4-8 week-old broilers reared in an open-sided poultry house.

Effect of Drinking Labaneh Whey on Growth Performance of Broilers

/pdf/comparative-studies-of-the-trace-elements-content-of-some-2q02yu9r3a.pdf

Fawzi M. AL-Dabbas

Papers

Prevalence and Distribution of Mastitis Pathogens and their Resistance Against Antimicrobial Agents in Dairy Cows in Jordan

The effect of arginine supplementation on some blood parameters, ovulation rate and concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in female Awassi sheep.

Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant milk formula by plant essential oils

Effect of Drinking Labaneh Whey on Growth Performance of Broilers

Comparative Studies of the Trace Elements Content of Some Herbal Tea Consumed in Jordan