Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building

It's not surprisingly when entering this site to get the book. One of the popular books now is the environmental philosophy from animal rights to radical ecology. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. Commonly, the popular book will be sold quickly. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it. This is why, searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit. You will not run out of this book.

Environmental philosophy: From animal rights to radical ecology

[1] Many large-scale water resources systems, especially in transboundary contexts, are characterized by the presence of several and conflicting interests and managed by multiple, institutionally independent decision makers. These systems are often studied adopting a centralized approach based on the assumption of full cooperation and information exchange among the involved parties. Such a perspective is conceptually interesting to quantify the best achievable performance but might have little practical impact given the real political and institutional setting. In this work, we propose a novel decision-analytic framework based on multiagent systems to model and analyze different levels of cooperation and information exchange among multiple decision makers. The Zambezi River basin is used as a case study. According to the proposed agent-based optimization approach, each agent represents a decision maker, whose decisions are defined by an explicit optimization problem considering only the agent's local interests. The economic value of information exchange is estimated comparing a noncooperative setting, where agents act independently, with the first basic level of cooperation, i.e., coordination, characterized by full information exchange. The economic value of cooperation is also estimated by comparison with the ideal, fully cooperative management of the system. Results show that coordination, obtained with complete information exchange, allows the downstream agents to better adapt to the upstream behaviors. The impact of information exchange depends on the objective considered, and we show coordination to be particularly beneficial to environmental interests.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wrcr.20287

Assessing the value of cooperation and information exchange in large water resources systems by agent‐based optimization

This review employs academic and policy literature to gage the relative importance and concerns associated with the main challenges facing the management of transboundary river basins: increasing pressures; management and policy that has not kept pace with a broadened set of actors; the influence of climate change; and the politics of reconciling political borders and basin boundaries. The persistence of the supply-side management philosophy within current political economies is also reviewed, along with infrastructure and institutional responses to the challenges (e.g., IWRM, dams, treaties). An analytical frame developed from the review is applied to three basins where there has been successful, considerable, or no effort at transboundary basin management: the Rhine, the Nile, and the Euphrates. International politics and national self-interest are found to be the key challenge facing international basins, though each of the challenges is interconnected and should be considered in combination. If transboundary basin management is to confront the challenges successfully, it should develop along two paths: away from a supply-side management paradigm toward adaptive management, and away from sovereignty and unilateralism to multilateralism. While infrastructure built under a paradigm of reducing uncertainty is found to reduce the adaptation options set, adaptive management that can make the most of the increasingly diverse governance and confront the supply-management philosophy is seen as best-suited to meet future challenges. The disabling effect of sovereignty and international politics may best be addressed by confronting resistance of the promotion of 'shared sovereignty' and fair water-sharing.

Current and future challenges facing transboundary river basin management

Although the study of hydropolitics (i.e. the geopolitics of water) is mainly an offshoot of the discipline of International Relations (IR), the use of IR conceptual tools remains largely implicit in the literature. As a result, theoretical exploration has been very limited in hydropolitics and is usually cast within IR’s traditional divide between realism and liberalism. This is problematic because the quest for a predictive and parsimonious science of politics that characterises mainstream IR theory may be overly rigid and too narrow a strategy to understand the full diversity exhibited by water-related interstate relations around the globe. With its anti-deterministic and pro-human agency stance, constructivism constitutes a promising alternative approach to hydropolitics that can be explored if theorisation is made explicit. In this regard, securitisation theory is one example of constructivism’s great potential in hydropolitical analysis.

Hydropolitics is what societies make of it (or why we need a constructivist approach to the geopolitics of water)

Une des principales dimensions de la « crise mondiale de l’eau » concerne la degradation des ecosystemes aquatiques de la planete. Resultant de l’activite humaine, cette degradation est ultimement autorisee par une ethique qui, ne prenant en compte que les personnes, reduit le statut de l’eau et des ecosystemes aquatiques a celui de ressources a exploiter. De cette importance du rapport de l’Homme a la nature pour la gouvernance de l’eau s’ensuit le besoin de penser ce rapport au-dela de l’anthropocentrisme actuel. Un tel depassement ethique signifierait pour Homo sapiens l’autolimitation de sa liberte d’action dans la lutte pour l’existence, qu’il est suggere de fonder sur une reverence pour l’eau en tant que systeme de support a la vie.

https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/vertigo/2010-v10-n1-vertigo3898/045395ar.pdf

Frédéric Julien

Papers

Hydropolitics is what societies make of it (or why we need a constructivist approach to the geopolitics of water)

« L’eau qui atteint la mer est une eau perdue » : anthropocentrisme et dégradation des écosystèmes aquatiques