Most haemangiomas and vascular malformations are identified according to clinical criteria. A good knowledge of the classification and clinical characteristics of the vascular anomalies is necessary when managing these patients. However, some cases are challenging either because of an atypical presentation (e.g., soft-tissue mass with normal overlying skin) or because of classification difficulties. Doppler US and MRI are the two main imaging modalities that allow classification of the vascular anomalies and are useful in those clinically uncertain cases to establish the correct diagnosis. This aids the choice of the most appropriate treatment and to inform the parents of the prognosis. High-resolution grey-scale and Doppler US allow excellent visualization of most superficial masses. Doppler US is the easiest way to assess the haemodynamics of a vascular lesion and to clarify a doubtful diagnosis between a haemangioma and vascular malformation. MRI is the best technique for evaluating the extent of the lesions and their relationship to adjacent structures. While newly developed drugs from angiogenesis research labs are awaited, radiologists have an important role in the treatment of haemangiomas and vascular malformations. Intervention remains crucial in cases of alarming haemangiomas and venous malformations (VM), lymphatic malformations (LM) and arteriovenous malformations (AVM). A multidisciplinary team, including paediatricians, haematologists, surgeons and radiologists, must manage the problem cases both in terms of diagnostic work-up and therapeutic options. This paper will briefly discuss the imaging findings and treatment of vascular anomalies.

Vascular anomalies: what a radiologist needs to know

Naevi and Other Developmental Defects

Objective Summarize current knowledge of lymphatic malformation medical, sclerotherapy, and surgical treatment; and highlight areas of treatment controversy and treatment difficulty that need improvement. Methods Panel presentation of various aspects of lymphatic malformation treatment. Results The mainstay of lymphatic malformation treatment has been surgical resection, which has been refined through lesion staging and radiographic characterization. Intralesional sclerotherapy in macrocystic lymphatic malformations is effective. Suprahyoid microcystic lymphatic malformations are more difficult to treat than macrocystic lymphatic malformations in the infrahyoid and posterior cervical regions. Bilateral suprahyoid lymphatic malformations require staged treatment to prevent complications. Lymphatic malformation treatment planning is primarily determined by the presence or possibility of functional compromise. Problematic areas include chronic lymphatic malformation inflammation, dental health maintenance, macroglossia, airway obstruction, and dental malocclusion. Conclusions Lymphatic malformation treatment improvements have been made through radiographic characterization and staging of lymphatic malformations. Direct malformation involvement of the upper aerodigestive tract can cause significant functional compromise that is difficult to treat.

Lymphatic malformations: review of current treatment.

Background: Lymphatic malformations (LMs) can be effectively treated by percutaneous intralesional injection of a variety of sclerosant drugs. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of doxycycline in the treatment of LMs. Methods and Results: We reviewed the medical records of all patients with LMs who underwent sclerotherapy with doxycycline between January 1, 2003 and September 1, 2004 at Children's Hospital Boston. Follow-up imaging was performed to assess for change in lesion size. Surveys were sent to all study patients, to assess perceived improvements in symptoms and satisfaction with the results. Sixty sclerotherapy procedures were performed on 41 patients in the 20-month study period. The median age was 6.9 years (3 mo–31 y). The most common location was cervicofacial (66%), followed by truncal (19%) and extremity (15%). The most common lesion type was macrocystic (49%), followed by combined (44%) and microcystic (7%). The major and minor complication rates were 2% and 10%, respectivel...

Percutaneous Sclerotherapy of Lymphatic Malformations with Doxycycline

The term vascular anomaly represents a broad spectrum of vascular pathology, including proliferating vascular tumours and vascular malformations. While the treatment of most vascular anomalies is multifactorial, interventional radiology procedures, including embolic therapy, sclerotherapy and laser coagulation among others, are playing an increasingly important role in vascular anomaly management. This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of common vascular malformations, with emphasis on the technique, efficacy and complications of different interventional radiology procedures.

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Vascular anomalies: classification, imaging characteristics and implications for interventional radiology treatment approaches.

Successful treatment of vascular anomalies has eluded the physician until now, despite various treatments utilised. Bleomycin has been successfully used in intralesional injection treatment of cystic hygromas and haemangiomas, based specifically on a high sclerosing effect on vascular endothelium. In a prospective study of 95 patients, the effectiveness of intralesional bleomycin injection (IBI) treatment in haemangiomas and vascular malformations was evaluated and documented. Complete resolution or significant improvement occurred in 80% of all patients treated. Complete resolution occurred in 49% of haemangiomas, 32% of venous malformations, and 80% of cystic hygromas. Significant improvement occurred in 38% of haemangiomas, 52% of venous malformations, 13% of cystic hygromas and 50% of lymphatic malformations. Of the six patients who presented with a painful lesion, four experienced complete resolution and two had significant improvement to treatment. Local complications encountered were superficial ulceration occurring in 2 patients, and cellulitis in 1 of the 95 patients. Systemic complications were flu-like symptoms in three patients and partial, transient hair loss in two patients. None of the patients presented with haematological toxic effects or signs of pulmonary involvement (fibrosis, hypertension). IBI is an effective treatment in haemangiomas and vascular malformation lesions, obviating the need for invasive primary surgery or systemic treatment regimens in 80% of cases, and allowing for limited need of secondary surgical or adjunctive procedures in cases with a moderate result.

Intralesional bleomycin injection (IBI) treatment for haemangiomas and congenital vascular malformations.

To the Editor : Haemangiomas are the most common tumours of infancy. Although most are symptomless, some cause serious complications related to their anatomical location or biological behaviour and therefore require treatment. The beneficial effect of intralesional bleomycin infiltration (IBI) in the treatment of haemangiomas has been reported.

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Bleomycin plasma spill-over levels in paediatric patients undergoing intralesional injection for the treatment of haemangiomas.

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder which affects brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. During last years the perception over the disease changed dramatically, now being considered a handleable disease. The particularity of this subject is that Multiple Sclerosis is a disease which affects mostly young women, many of them not having any children at the moment of diagnosis. This article highlights the fact that women diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis are allowed to get pregnant, and, moreover, they are encouraged to live a normal life. In most cases, disease activity freezes during pregnancy, only a small percentage of women will continue to have clinically and radiologically active disease. For those women, IFN-β and Glatiramer Acetate are the first-choice therapies that should be given. In cases when the disease is not responding to common medication, refractory to treatment forms may be successfully treated with Natalizuab, during the first and the second trimester. Breastfeeding is also encouraged, as it has a protective effect on disease progression. The main purpose of this article is to make a literature review in which to summarize the updates regarding pregnancy and postpartum management, relapses management and, also, the impact of pregnancy on Multiple Sclerosis course. The analysis was limited to articles written in English and published between August 2019 - October 2022 on PubMed, NCBI and Medical Journals.

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G. O. Ionescu

Papers

Intralesional bleomycin injection (IBI) treatment for haemangiomas and congenital vascular malformations.

Bleomycin plasma spill-over levels in paediatric patients undergoing intralesional injection for the treatment of haemangiomas.

Pregnancy in the context of Multiple Sclerosis