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Mathematical Methods Of Statistics

(1) Whereas the objectives of the Community, as laid down in the Treaty, as amended by the Treaty on European Union, include creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, fostering closer relations between the States belonging to the Community, ensuring economic and social progress by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe, encouraging the constant improvement of the living conditions of its peoples, preserving and strengthening peace and liberty and promoting democracy on the basis of the fundamental rights recognized in the constitution and laws of the Member States and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

Some Preliminary Comments on the DIRECTIVE 95/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.

Disseminating medical data beyond the protected cloud of institutions poses severe risks to patients’ privacy, as breaches push them to the point where they abstain from full disclosure of their condition. This situation negatively impacts the patient, scientific research, and all stakeholders. To address this challenge, we propose a blockchain-based data sharing framework that sufficiently addresses the access control challenges associated with sensitive data stored in the cloud using immutability and built-in autonomy properties of the blockchain. Our system is based on a permissioned blockchain which allows access to only invited, and hence verified users. As a result of this design, further accountability is guaranteed as all users are already known and a log of their actions is kept by the blockchain. The system permits users to request data from the shared pool after their identities and cryptographic keys are verified. The evidence from the system evaluation shows that our scheme is lightweight, scalable, and efficient.

BBDS: Blockchain-Based Data Sharing for Electronic Medical Records in Cloud Environments

Modern cyber physical systems (CPSs) has widely being used in our daily lives because of development of information and communication technologies (ICT). With the provision of CPSs, the security and privacy threats associated to these systems are also increasing. Passive attacks are being used by intruders to get access to private information of CPSs. In order to make CPSs data more secure, certain privacy preservation strategies such as encryption, and k-anonymity have been presented in the past. However, with the advances in CPSs architecture, these techniques also need certain modifications. Meanwhile, differential privacy emerged as an efficient technique to protect CPSs data privacy. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of differential privacy techniques for CPSs. In particular, we survey the application and implementation of differential privacy in four major applications of CPSs named as energy systems, transportation systems, healthcare and medical systems, and industrial Internet of things (IIoT). Furthermore, we present open issues, challenges, and future research direction for differential privacy techniques for CPSs. This survey can serve as basis for the development of modern differential privacy techniques to address various problems and data privacy scenarios of CPSs.

Differential Privacy Techniques for Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey

The goal of privacy metrics is to measure the degree of privacy enjoyed by users in a system and the amount of protection offered by privacy-enhancing technologies. In this way, privacy metrics contribute to improving user privacy in the digital world. The diversity and complexity of privacy metrics in the literature make an informed choice of metrics challenging. As a result, instead of using existing metrics, new metrics are proposed frequently, and privacy studies are often incomparable. In this survey, we alleviate these problems by structuring the landscape of privacy metrics. To this end, we explain and discuss a selection of over 80 privacy metrics and introduce categorizations based on the aspect of privacy they measure, their required inputs, and the type of data that needs protection. In addition, we present a method on how to choose privacy metrics based on nine questions that help identify the right privacy metrics for a given scenario, and highlight topics where additional work on privacy metrics is needed. Our survey spans multiple privacy domains and can be understood as a general framework for privacy measurement.

Technical Privacy Metrics: A Systematic Survey

It is not uncommon in the data anonymization literature to oppose the "old" $$k$$ k -anonymity model to the "new" differential privacy model, which offers more robust privacy guarantees. Yet, it is often disregarded that the utility of the anonymized results provided by differential privacy is quite limited, due to the amount of noise that needs to be added to the output, or because utility can only be guaranteed for a restricted type of queries. This is in contrast with $$k$$ k -anonymity mechanisms, which make no assumptions on the uses of anonymized data while focusing on preserving data utility from a general perspective. In this paper, we show that a synergy between differential privacy and $$k$$ k -anonymity can be found: $$k$$ k -anonymity can help improving the utility of differentially private responses to arbitrary queries. We devote special attention to the utility improvement of differentially private published data sets. Specifically, we show that the amount of noise required to fulfill $$\varepsilon $$ ? -differential privacy can be reduced if noise is added to a $$k$$ k -anonymous version of the data set, where $$k$$ k -anonymity is reached through a specially designed microaggregation of all attributes. As a result of noise reduction, the general analytical utility of the anonymized output is increased. The theoretical benefits of our proposal are illustrated in a practical setting with an empirical evaluation on three data sets.

Enhancing data utility in differential privacy via microaggregation-based $$k$$k-anonymity

Differential privacy is a popular privacy model within the research community because of the strong privacy guarantee it offers, namely that the presence or absence of any individual in a data set does not significantly influence the results of analyses on the data set. However, enforcing this strict guarantee in practice significantly distorts data and/or limits data uses, thus diminishing the analytical utility of the differentially private results. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, several relaxations of differential privacy have been proposed that trade off privacy guarantees for improved data utility. In this paper, we argue that the standard formalization of differential privacy is stricter than required by the intuitive privacy guarantee it seeks. In particular, the standard formalization requires indistinguishability of results between any pair of neighbor data sets, while indistinguishability between the actual data set and its neighbor data sets should be enough. This limits the data controller’s ability to adjust the level of protection to the actual data, hence resulting in significant accuracy loss. In this respect, we propose individual differential privacy , an alternative differential privacy notion that offers the same privacy guarantees as standard differential privacy to individuals (even though not to groups of individuals). This new notion allows the data controller to adjust the distortion to the actual data set, which results in less distortion and more analytical accuracy. We propose several mechanisms to attain individual differential privacy and we compare the new notion against standard differential privacy in terms of the accuracy of the analytical results.

http://openaccess.uoc.edu/webapps/o2/bitstream/10609/82345/6/postprint-IDP-TIFS.pdf

Individual Differential Privacy: A Utility-Preserving Formulation of Differential Privacy Guarantees

Microaggregation is a technique for disclosure limitation aimed at protecting the privacy of data subjects in microdata releases. It has been used as an alternative to generalization and suppression to generate $k$ -anonymous data sets, where the identity of each subject is hidden within a group of $k$ subjects. Unlike generalization, microaggregation perturbs the data and this additional masking freedom allows improving data utility in several ways, such as increasing data granularity, reducing the impact of outliers, and avoiding discretization of numerical data. $k$ -Anonymity, on the other side, does not protect against attribute disclosure, which occurs if the variability of the confidential values in a group of $k$ subjects is too small. To address this issue, several refinements of $k$ -anonymity have been proposed, among which $t$ -closeness stands out as providing one of the strictest privacy guarantees. Existing algorithms to generate $t$ -close data sets are based on generalization and suppression (they are extensions of $k$ -anonymization algorithms based on the same principles). This paper proposes and shows how to use microaggregation to generate $k$ -anonymous $t$ -close data sets. The advantages of microaggregation are analyzed, and then several microaggregation algorithms for $k$ -anonymous $t$ -closeness are presented and empirically evaluated.

t-Closeness through Microaggregation: Strict Privacy with Enhanced Utility Preservation

This paper explores the challenges raised by big data in privacy-preserving data management. First, we examine the conflicts raised by big data with respect to preexisting concepts of private data management, such as consent, purpose limitation, transparency and individual rights of access, rectification and erasure. Anonymization appears as the best tool to mitigate such conflicts, and it is best implemented by adhering to a privacy model with precise privacy guarantees. For this reason, we evaluate how well the two main privacy models used in anonymization (k-anonymity and $\varepsilon $-differential privacy) meet the requirements of big data, namely composability, low computational cost and linkability.

/pdf/big-data-privacy-challenges-to-privacy-principles-and-models-2lfv0sxsd5.pdf

Jordi Soria-Comas

Papers

Enhancing data utility in differential privacy via microaggregation-based $$k$$k-anonymity

Individual Differential Privacy: A Utility-Preserving Formulation of Differential Privacy Guarantees

t-Closeness through Microaggregation: Strict Privacy with Enhanced Utility Preservation

Big Data Privacy: Challenges to Privacy Principles and Models

Optimal data-independent noise for differential privacy