The Transmission Control Protocol.

This article surveys the literature over the period of the last decade on the emerging field of self organisation as applied to wireless cellular communication networks. Self organisation has been extensively studied and applied in adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks and autonomic computer networks; however in the context of wireless cellular networks, this is the first attempt to put in perspective the various efforts in form of a tutorial/survey. We provide a comprehensive survey of the existing literature, projects and standards in self organising cellular networks. Additionally, we also aim to present a clear understanding of this active research area, identifying a clear taxonomy and guidelines for design of self organising mechanisms. We compare strength and weakness of existing solutions and highlight the key research areas for further development. This paper serves as a guide and a starting point for anyone willing to delve into research on self organisation in wireless cellular communication networks.

A Survey of Self Organisation in Future Cellular Networks

The migration to wireless network from wired network has been a global trend in the past few decades. The mobility and scalability brought by wireless network made it possible in many applications. Among all the contemporary wireless networks, Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is one of the most important and unique applications. On the contrary to traditional network architecture, MANET does not require a fixed network infrastructure; every single node works as both a transmitter and a receiver. Nodes communicate directly with each other when they are both within the same communication range. Otherwise, they rely on their neighbors to relay messages. The self-configuring ability of nodes in MANET made it popular among critical mission applications like military use or emergency recovery. However, the open medium and wide distribution of nodes make MANET vulnerable to malicious attackers. In this case, it is crucial to develop efficient intrusion-detection mechanisms to protect MANET from attacks. With the improvements of the technology and cut in hardware costs, we are witnessing a current trend of expanding MANETs into industrial applications. To adjust to such trend, we strongly believe that it is vital to address its potential security issues. In this paper, we propose and implement a new intrusion-detection system named Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment (EAACK) specially designed for MANETs. Compared to contemporary approaches, EAACK demonstrates higher malicious-behavior-detection rates in certain circumstances while does not greatly affect the network performances.

EAACK—A Secure Intrusion-Detection System for MANETs

The 802.11 IEEE Standard has enabled low cost and effective wireless LAN services (WLAN). With the sales and deployment of WLAN based networks exploding, many people believe that they will become the fourth generation cellular system (4G) or a major portion of it. However, the small cell size of WLAN creates frequent hand-offs for mobile users. If the latency of these hand-offs is high, as previous studies have shown, then the users of synchronous multimedia applications such as voice over IP (VoIP) will experience excessive jitter. The dominating factor in WLAN hand-offs has been shown to be the discovery of the candidate set of next access points. In this paper, we describe the use of a novel and efficient discovery method using neighbor graphs and non-overlap graphs. Our method reduces the total number of probed channels as well as the total time spent waiting on each channel. Our implementation results show that this approach reduces the overall probe time significantly when compared to other approaches. Furthermore, simulation results show that the effectiveness of our method improves as the number of non-overlapping channels increases, such as in the 5 GHz band used by the IEEE 802.11a standard.

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Improving the latency of 802.11 hand-offs using neighbor graphs

The present electric power system structure has lasted for decades; it is still partially proprietary, energy-inefficient, physically and virtually (or cyber) insecure, as well as prone to power transmission congestion and consequent failures. Recent efforts in building a smart grid system have focused on addressing the problems of global warming effects, rising energy-hungry demands, and risks of peak loads. One of the major goals of the new system is to effectively regulate energy usage by utilizing the backbone of the prospectively deployed Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI), and Demand Response (DR) programs via the advanced distribution automation and dynamic pricing models. The function of the power grid is no longer a system that only supplies energy to end users, but also allows consumers to contribute their clean energy back to the grid in the future. In the meantime, communications networks in the electric power infrastructure enact critical roles. Intelligent automation proposed in smart grid projects include the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition/Energy Management Systems (SCADA/EMS) and Phasor Management Units (PMU) in transmission networks, as well as the AMR/AMI associated with field/neighborhood area networks (FAN/NAN) and home area networks (HAN) at the distribution and end-use levels. This article provides an overview of the essentials of the progressive smart grid paradigm and integration of different communications technologies for the legacy power system. Additionally, foreseeable issues and challenges in designing communications networks for the smart grid system are also rigorously deliberated in this paper.

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The Progressive Smart Grid System from Both Power and Communications Aspects

In this paper, we present an industrial development of a wireless sensor network technology called OCARI: optimization of communication for ad hoc reliable industrial networks. It targets applications in harsh environments such as power plants and warships. OCARI is a wireless-communication technology that supports mesh topology and power-aware ad hoc routing protocol aimed at maximizing the network lifetime. It is based on IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer with deterministic media access control layer for time-constrained communication. During the nontime-constrained communication period, its ad hoc routing strategy uses an energy-aware optimized-link state-routing proactive protocol. An OCARI application layer (APL) is based on ZigBee application support sublayer and APL primitives and profiles to provide maximum compatibility with ZigBee applications. To fully assess this technology, extensive tests are done in industrial facilities at ElectricitEacute De France R&D as well as at Direction des Constructions Navales Services. Our objective is then to promote this specification as an open standard of industrial wireless technology.

Which Wireless Technology for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks? The Development of OCARI Technology

With the current increase in ad-hoc mobile networks in public domains (e.g. airports, cities, etc.), and the widespread use of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN, there is a growing need to handle and manage fast mobility. Extending the coverage area of ad-hoc networks and taking into account fast mobility in routing protocols could offer a complementary solution to the UMTS for fourth generation (4G) mobile networks. In this paper we present an extension of the optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), denoted Fast-OLSR, which is designed to meet the need for fast mobility in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Performance evaluation of Fast-OLSR is done by simulation, and the results show that the loss rate can be minimized while maintaining a reasonable overhead traffic.

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Integrating fast mobility in the OLSR routing protocol

A quality-of-service (QoS) routing protocol is developed for mobile ad hoc networks. We perform the proposed QoS-based routing in the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, introducing a more appropriate metric than the hop distance. In our simulations the QoS routing protocol produces better performance comparing with the best-effort OLSR protocol.

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A link-state QoS routing protocol for ad hoc networks

Research on multi-path routing protocols to provide improved throughput and resilience in comparison with single-path routing has been explored in detail in the context of wired networks. However, the multi-path routing mechanism has not been explored thoroughly in the domain of ad hoc networks. We propose the path selection criteria and QOLSR multi-path calculation based on bandwidth and delay. QOLSR is an extension to the single-path routing protocol known as the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol; it uses bandwidth and delay to satisfy end-to-end QoS requirements. The resulting protocol computes multiple loop-free and node-disjoint paths. The loop-free property is guaranteed by using the shortest-widest path algorithm. The node-disjoint property of multiple paths is achieved using our proposed algorithm. We also present an evaluation comparison of QOLSR multi-path routing against QOLSR single-path routing using a scalable simulation model.

QOLSR multi-path routing for mobile ad hoc networks based on multiple metrics: bandwidth and delay

Multimedia applications often require guaranteed quality of service (QoS) and resource reservation, which has raised a number of challenging technical issues for routing. We have proposed the QOLSR protocol, a QoS routing over OLSR protocol introducing metrics, such as bandwidth and delay, that are more appropriate than the hop distance. When using the QOLSR protocol, there are cases in which a source node continuously changes a flow's next hop in response to the change of available bandwidth on its path and cannot tell apart the traffic induced by itself from traffic generated by other nodes. The article describes a way to achieve QoS routing without using explicit reservation mechanisms and gives new distributed solutions to the oscillation and collision of flows. We can guarantee that the flows take the appropriate paths and avoid interferences with other existing flows. The performance of our distributed algorithm is extensively investigated by analyses, examples and simulations in both static and dynamic networks. Our results show that the gain achieved by our proposal represents an important improvement in mobile wireless ad hoc networks.

K. Al Agha

Papers

Which Wireless Technology for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks? The Development of OCARI Technology

Integrating fast mobility in the OLSR routing protocol

A link-state QoS routing protocol for ad hoc networks

QOLSR multi-path routing for mobile ad hoc networks based on multiple metrics: bandwidth and delay

QoS routing in ad hoc networks using QOLSR with no need of explicit reservation