Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

According to our social-role theory of gender and helping, the male gender role fosters helping that is heroic and chivalrous, whereas the female gender role fosters helping that is nurturant and caring. In social psychological studies, helping behavior has been examined in the context of short-term encounters with strangers. This focus has tended to exclude from the research literature those helping behaviors prescribed by the female gender role, because they are displayed primarily in long-term, close relationships. In contrast, the helping behaviors prescribed by the male gender role have been generously represented in research findings because they are displayed in relationships with strangers as well as in close relationships. Results from our meta-analytic review of sex differences in helping behavior indicate that in general men helped more than women and women received more help than men. Nevertheless, sex differences in helping were extremely inconsistent across studies and were successfully predicted by various attributes of the studies and the helping behaviors. These predictors were interpreted in terms of several aspects of our social-role theory of gender and helping.

Gender and Helping Behavior. A Meta-Analytic Review of the Social Psychological Literature

Careful reading of the literature on the psychology of criminal conduct and of prior reviews of studies of treatment effects suggests that neither criminal sanctioning without provision of rehabilitative service nor servicing without reference to clinical principles of rehabilitation will succeed in reducing recidivism. What works, in our view, is the delivery of appropriate correctional service, and appropriate service reflects three psychological principles: (1) delivery of service to higher risk cases, (2) targeting of criminogenic needs, and (3) use of styles and modes of treatment (e.g., cognitive and behavioral) that are matched with client need and learning styles. These principles were applied to studies of juvenile and adult correctional treatment, which yielded 154 phi coefficients that summarized the magnitude and direction of the impact of treatment on recidivism. The effect of appropriate correctional service (mean phi = .30) was significantly (p <.05) greater than that of unspecified correctional service (.13), and both were more effective than inappropriate service (−.06) and non-service criminal sanctioning (−.07). Service was effective within juvenile and adult corrections, in studies published before and after 1980, in randomized and nonrandomized designs, and in diversionary, community, and residential programs (albeit, attenuated in residential settings). Clinical sensitivity and a psychologically informed perspective on crime may assist in the renewed service, research, and conceptual efforts that are strongly indicated by our review.

Does correctional treatment work? a clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis *

Devoted solely to the topic of female delinquency and the treatment of young girls by the juvenile justice system. This text reveals the special problems of delinquent girls by considering the impact that growing up female in a patriarchal society has had on their development. It explores the relevance of classic theories of delinquency as applied to female juveniles, and discusses the contemporary reality of the juvenile justice system.

Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice

Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Girls' Troubles and "Female Delinquency Trends in Girls' Arrests Boys' Theories and Girls' Lives Criminalizing Girls' Survival: Abuse, Victimization, and Girls' Official Delinquency Delinquency Theory and Gender: Beyond Status Offenses Chapter 3. Girls, Gangs, and Violence: Rediscovering the "Liberated Female Crook" The Media, Girls of Color, and Gangs Trends in Girls' Violence and Aggression Girl Gang Membership Girls and Gangs: Qualitative Studies Labeling Girls Violent? Girls, Gangs, and Media Hype: A Final Note 4. The Juvenile Justice System and Girls "The Best Place to Conquer Girls" Girls and Juvenile Justice Reform Deinstitutionalization and Judicial Paternalism: Challenges to the Double Standard of Juvenile Justice Rising Detentions and Racialized Justice Offense Patterns of Girls in Custody--Bootstrapping Deinstitutionalization or Transinstitutionalization? Girls and the Mental Health System Small Numbers Don't Mean Small Problems: Girls in Institutions Instead of Incarceration: What Could Be Done to Meet the Needs of Girls? Chapter 5. Trends in Women's Crime Unruly Women: A Brief History of Women's Offenses Trends in Women's Arrests How Could She? The Nature and Causes of Women's Crime Big Time/Small Time Pathways to Women's Crime Beyond the Street Woman: Resurrecting the Liberated Female Crook? The Revival of the "Violent Female Offender" Chapter 6. Drugs, Violence, and Women's Crime - with Karen Joe Laidler Drug Use in a Multiethnic Community A Profile of the Women The Family: Conflict and Comfort Dealing With Family Turmoil Pathway to Drugs Demystifying Women of Color Gender, Culture, and Drug Use "Crack Pipe as Pimp": Drugs, Ethnicity, and Gender in African American Communities Prostitution and Drug Use Victimization, Prostitution, and Women's Crime Conclusion Chapter 7. Sentencing Women to Prison: Equality Without Justice Trends in Women's Crime: A Reprise Women, Violent Crimes, and the War on Drugs Getting Tough on Women's Crime Building More Women's Prisons Profile of Women in U.S. Prisons Reducing Women's Imprisonment Through Effective Community-Based Strategies and Programs Detention Versus Prevention Chapter 8. Conclusion References Index About the Authors

The female offender girls, women, and crime

In this essay we sketch core elements of feminist thought and demonstrate their relevance for criminology. After reviewing the early feminist critiques of the discipline and the empirical emphases of the 1970s and early 1980s, we appraise current issues and debates in three areas: building theories of gender and crime, controlling men's violence toward women, and gender equality in the criminal justice system. We invite our colleagues to reflect on the androcentrism of the discipline and to appreciate the promise of feminist inquiry for rethinking problems of crime and justice.

Feminism and criminology

We struggled, myself and a brother, two sisters, my mother there, to keep the farm in the family and keep it going. And we barely made a living. So that’s what made me appreciate the job so much, that it was a lot easier and the money was secure. Before I even started the job, they was always telling me, the worse things get out in the world, the better things get in jail. You’ll always have a job. Ted Flegel, Family Farmer and Retired Prison Guard, Coxsackie, New York

Invisible punishment : the collateral consequences of mass imprisonment

This article argues that existing delinquency theories are fundamentally inadequate to the task of explaining female delinquency and official reactions to girls' deviance. To establish this, the article first reviews the degree of the androcentric bias in the major theories of delinquent behavior. Then the need for a feminist model of female delinquency is explored by reviewing the available evidence on girls' offending. This review shows that the extensive focus on disadvantaged males in public settings has meant that girls' victimization and the relationship between that experience and girls' crime has been systematically ignored. Also missed has been the central role played by the juvenile justice system in the sexualization of female delinquency and the criminalization of girls' survival strategies. Finally, it will be suggested that the official actions of the juvenile justice system should be understood as major forces in women's oppression as they have historically served to reinforce the obedience...

Meda Chesney-Lind

Papers

Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice

The female offender girls, women, and crime

Feminism and criminology

Invisible punishment : the collateral consequences of mass imprisonment

Girls' Crime and Woman's Place: Toward a Feminist Model of Female Delinquency