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Lehninger Principles Of Biochemistry 5th Edition

Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and its fruit has been used as a vegetable for thousands of years. Phytochemicals including proteins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, ascorbic acid and steroids have been found in this plant. Various biological activities of M. charantia have been reported, such as antihyperglycemic, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, antimutagenic, antiulcer, antilipolytic, antifertility, hepatoprotective, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, both in vitro and in vivo studies have also demonstrated that M. charantia may also exert toxic or adverse effects under different conditions. This review addresses the chemical constituents of M. charantia and discusses their pharmacological activities as well as their adverse effects, aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the phytochemistry and biological activities of M. charantia.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/12/2555/pdf

Recent Advances in Momordica charantia: Functional Components and Biological Activities.

Effects of supplemental essential oil on growth performance, lipid metabolites and immunity, intestinal characteristics, microbiota and carcass traits in broilers

Sensors and biosensors for monitoring food traceability, quality, safety, and nutritional value are of outmost importance nowadays. Electrospinning, a simple, straightforward and versatile technique to fabricate 1D micro- and nanomaterials, is among the most potential strategies to further advance the development of chemical (bio)sensors. Electrospun nanofibers are capable of improving several attributes of chemical (bio)sensors due to the high specific surface area, high porosity and 1-D confinement characteristics. Furthermore, the possibility to buildup multifunctional nanostructures by functionalizing the nanofiber surface with a wide range of distinct nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoparticles and conjugated polymers), enhances the (bio)sensing capabilities through additional properties and synergistic effects. In this review, we outline the representative progress in the last decade on the development of multifunctional hybrid electrospun nanofibers of varied morphology and composition, and their applications in chemical (bio)sensor platforms for analysis of food and agricultural products.

Electrospinning-based (bio)sensors for food and agricultural applications: A review

Abstract A probiotic is a culture of live microorganisms that can manipulate and maintain a beneficial microflora in the gut. Prebiotics are nondigestible feed ingredients that can positively affect the animal organism by stimulating the activity and growth of beneficial native bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminate the pathogenic ones. Some studies have shown their beneficial effects when they have been used separately or simultaneously in the form of synbiotics, to obtain enhanced mutual effect. These supplements were proposed with success as alternatives to antibiotic growth-promoting feed additives but further studies are needed to better understand their mode of action and effects. This review article presents growing interest in using these antibiotic alternatives, the potential mechanism of their action in the live organism, and discusses some recent data on the effects of these supplements in poultry nutrition. Streszczenie Probiotyki to kultury żywych mikroorganizmów, które modyfikują i utrzymują korzystną mikroflorę przewodu pokarmowego. Prebiotyki to niestrawne składniki paszy korzystnie wpływające na organizmy zwierząt poprzez stymulowanie aktywności i wzrostu korzystnych bakterii naturalnie występujących w przewodzie pokarmowym i eliminowanie bakterii patogennych. Niektóre badania wykazały ich korzystne efekty przy stosowaniu pojedynczym lub równocześnie w postaci synbiotyków, w celu nasilenia ich wzajemnego działania. Dodatki te z powodzeniem stosowano jako alternatywę dla antybiotykowych stymulatorów wzrostu w paszy, jednak konieczne są dalsze badania w celu lepszego zrozumienia sposobu ich działania i skutków. Niniejszy artykuł przeglądowy prezentuje rosnące zainteresowanie użyciem tych zamienników antybiotyków i potencjalny mechanizm ich działania w żywych organizmach, omawia także najnowsze dane dotyczące wpływu tych dodatków w żywieniu drobiu.

/pdf/the-usefulness-of-prebiotics-and-probiotics-in-modern-sco3vf9n08.pdf

The Usefulness of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Modern Poultry Nutrition: a Review

/pdf/performance-blood-metabolites-and-immunocompetence-of-zgtkzbp18g.pdf

Performance, blood metabolites and immunocompetence of broiler chicks fed diets included essential oils of medicinal herbs.

Problem statement: In trying to finding phytogenic antibiotic-substitutes this study was done and effects of adding graded levels of Medicinal Herbs (MH) including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to laying hens’ diet on productive performance investigated. Approach: A total number of 108 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens after production peak were randomly divided in 18 cages (n = 6). Three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets (ME = 2720 Kcal Kg-1 and CP = 154.2 g Kg-1) including three levels (0, 1 and 2 g kg-1) of ground mixture of garlic and thyme (1:1) were fed to hens with 6 replicates per diet during 6 week trial period. Collected data of Feed Intake (FI), Egg Production (EP), Egg Mass (EM) and calculated Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) as well as egg traits were analyzed based on completely randomized design using GLM procedure of SAS. Results: Dietary treatment did not have significant effect on EP, EM and FCR in laying hens (p>0.05). Dietary inclusion of MH decreased FI in weeks 1-6 (p≤0.05). Including diet with 0.1% MP improved means of egg weight (g) comparing to the other two experimental diets. Adding 0.2% MH to diet increased egg yolk color as well as blood lymphocyte counts and decreased egg shell weight comparing to other dietary treatments (p≤0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary inclusion of garlic and thyme can have beneficial effects on performance of laying hens in terms of improving egg weight and yolk color.

/pdf/adding-medicinal-herbs-including-garlic-allium-sativum-and-m8qmxaueyt.pdf

Adding medicinal herbs including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to diet of laying hens and evaluating productive performance and egg quality characteristics.

A study was conducted using 240 female day-old broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium picolinate (CrPic), peppermint essential oil (P.mint), or their combination on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of female broiler chicks raised under heat stress conditions (HS, 23.9 to 38 °C cycling). Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained from 1 to 42 days of age. Furthermore, at the end of the experiment (day 42), birds were bled to determine some blood biochemical parameters and weighed for final body weight (BW). ADFI, ADG, and BW were not influenced significantly by dietary CrPic and P.mint (P > 0.05). A significant interaction between dietary CrPic and P.mint on FCR (P = 0.012) was detected. FCR significantly decreased in chicks fed the diet including both CrPic and P.mint compared with the CrPic group. Significant interaction between dietary P.mint and CrPic on serum concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, and albumin were observed (P   0.05). The serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides were decreased (P < 0.05) in broilers fed the diet including both CrPic and P.mint. Plasma chromium (Cr) content increased significantly (P < 0.05) in birds fed the CrPic-included diet compared with the control group (P < 0.05). From the results of the present experiment it can be concluded that dietary supplementation with combined P.mint and CrPic could have beneficial effects on some blood biochemical parameters of female chicks reared under heat stress conditions.

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and peppermint essential oil on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chicks reared under heat stress conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding zinc (Zn), cinnamon essential oil (Ci), or their combination in diet on productive performance, egg quality, and blood parameters of laying hens reared under cold stress condition (8.8 ± 3 °C). Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight (EW), egg production (EP), and egg mass (EM) were evaluated during the 56-day trial period using 120 Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens. Significant interactions between Ci and Zn on FCR, EW, EP, or EM were observed (P < 0.05). The EP, EM, and EW increased, whereas FCR decreased (P < 0.05) in the hens fed the diets including Ci and Zn (as single or combined form) compared to those fed the basal diet. There were significant interactions between Ci and Zn on the serum level of glucose and triglycerides as well as plasma concentration of zinc (P < 0.05), so that serum content of glucose and triglyceride decreased and the plasma content of zinc increased in the hens fed the diets including Ci and Zn (together) compared to those fed the basal diet. From the results of the present experiment, it can be concluded that diet supplementation by the combined form of Ci and Zn could have beneficial effects on performance and blood parameters of hens reared under cold stress condition.

Single and combined effects of zinc and cinnamon essential oil in diet on productive performance, egg quality traits, and blood parameters of laying hens reared under cold stress condition

The use of low-quality whole dates in broilers’ diets was evaluated. The apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of whole dates and date pits was determined with or without a β-mannanase-based enzyme (Hemicell – a registered trademark of ChemGen Corp., Gaithersburg, MD. Dried Bacillus lentus fermentation solubles with 158 million units/kg minimum enzyme activity. Recommended usage rate is 0.4 g kg−1 of feed. ChemGen Corp., Gaithersburg, MD, USA). A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of whole dates (0, 175, and 350 g kg−1) and enzyme (0 or 0.4 g kg−1) was performed to assess the effect of the enzyme on the nutritive value of whole dates (experiment 2) in broilers’ diet. Enzyme improved AMEn contents of the whole dates and date pits. The diets containing 175 or 350 g kg−1 whole dates produced body weight gain (BWG) similar to those obtained without dates. Enzyme improved BWG and feed conversion ratio throughout the experimental period. In conclusion, whole dates can be included in broiler diets at levels up to 350 g kg−1. In addition, β-mannanase supplementation would have beneficial effects on performance and immunity in birds fed on corn–soy or corn–soy–whole dates diets.

The effect of a β -mannanase-based enzyme on growth performance and humoral immune response of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of whole dates

Mehran Torki

Papers

Performance, blood metabolites and immunocompetence of broiler chicks fed diets included essential oils of medicinal herbs.

Adding medicinal herbs including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to diet of laying hens and evaluating productive performance and egg quality characteristics.

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and peppermint essential oil on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chicks reared under heat stress conditions

Single and combined effects of zinc and cinnamon essential oil in diet on productive performance, egg quality traits, and blood parameters of laying hens reared under cold stress condition

The effect of a β -mannanase-based enzyme on growth performance and humoral immune response of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of whole dates