Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals

Transfer Requirements The following requirements for the major are subject to change without notice. To assure accuracy of the information on this sheet, you should consult with a counselor, the articulation officer, or review articulation agreements via the internet at www.assist.org Veterinary medicine uses problem-solving skills and in-depth knowledge to diagnose, treat and prevent animal diseases. It is the broadest and most comprehensive of all the health professions. The profession is concerned with enhancing the health, welfare, and productivity of animals and assuring the safety of animal products used by people. Veterinarians are highly trained medical professionals who provide for the health needs of all kinds of animals while maintaining sensitivity to human health and well-being. Most veterinarians in the United States are engaged in private practice. Other veterinarians work in a wide range of fields relating to public health, animal disease control, environmental protection, the biotechnology industry, higher education and research. Academic preparation for veterinary school takes place at the undergraduate level through a comprehensive educational experience with special emphasis in the sciences. In order to succeed academically, in the rigorous veterinary school curriculum, veterinary schools are looking for individuals with a highly developed science background. Since Pre-Veterinary is not a major, it is important to meet with a counselor during your first semester at El Camino College to help with the selection of classes. 1. Academic preparation and grade point average is critical for admission. Cumulative GPA, strong grades in science courses, and GPA in the last two years of undergraduate study are critical in the selection process. 2. Many, but not all veterinary schools require a bachelor's degree. In some instances, a bachelor's degree may make an applicant more competitive in the admission process. 3. Score on a standardized graduate admissions test (e.g. GRE, MCAT, and VCAT). Check with the individual program for the specific test required. 4. Strong letters of recommendation-Most schools require a minimum of three letters of recommendation. Some schools require on letter from a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. 5. Undergraduate course of study-Veterinary schools are looking for both lower and upper division preparation. 6. Applicant's personal statement or narrative. 7. Extracurricular activities, work experience, community activities, motivation, individual character, personality, and other post-undergraduate experiences. 8. Animal related activities and/or animal related work experience-Most colleges are looking for a strong commitment to working with animals. Some require employment by a Veterinarian. 9. Personal interview. …

What is Veterinary Medicine

Microplastics in the marine environment: Current trends in environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile

Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of aquaculture: A review

Probiotic application for sustainable aquaculture

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of two different habitats, Faro Lake (group A) and Tyrrhenian Sea (group B), on the haematological and serum protein profiles of Mugil cephalus. Our results showed significant differences of white blood cells, total proteins, prealbumin, albumin and α-globulins between groups A and B. These findings suggest that changes in haematological and serum protein profiles are important indices in monitoring the effects of aquatic habitat changes, representing an adaptive physiological response to different habitats of M. cephalus.

Haematological and serum protein profiles of Mugil cephalus: effect of two different habitats

In this study the effect of acclimation to captivity on haematological and biochemical parameters of Mugil cephalus was investigated. A total of fifteen fish (21.93 ± 2.03 cm fork length; 80.28 ± 21.32 g weight) was harvested from a Reservoir-Faro Lake, Messina (Italy). Immediately after capture blood samples was collected on all fish to evaluate haematological parameters, glucose and lactate levels. Then, all animals were transferred in tank and acclimated for a period of 15 days. After this acclimate period, on all fish blood samples were collected and the blood parameter were assessed again. Paired t-test, used to determine significant differences between blood parameters measured before and after acclimation, showed that after acclimation to captivity, there was significant reduction (P < 0.001) in red blood cell (RBC), Haematocrit (Hct), Haemoglobin concentration (Hgb), White Blood Cell Count (WBC). Lactate and total proteins values increased significantly after acclimation (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), while glucose blood concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.001). The results of this study showed how haematological and biochemical parameters of the mullet change after acclimation to captivity. Resume : Reponse hematologique et biochimique de Mugil cephalus apres acclimatation a la captivite. Cette etude implique les repercussions de l'acclimatation a la captivite sur les parametres hematologiques et biochimiques du Mugil cephalus. Quinze poissons (longueur a la fourche: 21,93 ± 2,03 cm ; poids: 80,28 ± 21,32 g) ont ete preleves dans le lac Faro, Messine (Italie). Tout de suite apres la capture, des prelevements de sang ont ete recueillis de chaque poisson pour evaluer les parametres hematologiques et les niveaux de glucose et lactate. Ensuite, les animaux ont ete transferes dans des citernes et acclimates pendant 15 jours. Apres cette periode d'acclimatation, des prelevements de sang de chaque poisson ont ete recueillis pour evaluer les parametres hematologiques. Un test t apparie, utilise pour comparer les parametres hematologiques mesures avant et apres l'acclimatation, a montre qu'apres l'acclimatation a la captivite, s'il existe une reduction significative (P < 0,001) des globules rouges, de l'hematocrite, de la concentration en hemoglobine et du nombre des globules blancs, les valeurs de lactate et des proteines totales etaient significativement augmentees apres l'acclimatation (P < 0,001 and P < 0,05, respectivement), bien que la concentration de glucose dans le sang etait significativement diminuee (P < 0,001). Les resultats de cette etude ont montre comment les parametres hematologiques et biochimiques des mulets changent apres l'acclimatation a la captivite.

Haematological and biochemical response of Mugil cephalus after acclimation to captivity

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modifications of some physiological parameters during moderate treadmill exercise in seven healthy Beagle dogs. All animals were submitted to treadmill exercise consisting of walking (15 min), trotting (20 min) and walking (10 min). At every step, rectal temperature (RT) was measured, and the mean heart rate (HR) was assessed. Venous blood samples were collected immediately before starting the treadmill exercise session (at rest), after the end of walking (15 min), trotting (20 min) and walking (10 min), and after 30 min of passive recovery. For immediate assessment of lactate and glucose concentration, blood was analyzed with portable blood lactate and blood glucose analyzers, respectively. Blood was also transferred into sterile glass tubes containing K(3)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K(3)-EDTA) for evaluation of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of treadmill exercise (P<0.05) on RT, HR, lactate, glucose, RBC and Hct. Considering these significant variations, the knowledge of RT, HR, glucose and lactate concentrations, RBC, and Hct, the most suitable and sensitive indicators of response to treadmill exercise in untrained dogs, is essential in order to evidence the individual levels of exercise tolerance, to investigate exercise-related problems and to design specific and individual treadmill protocols.

Effect of moderate treadmill exercise on some physiological parameters in untrained Beagle dogs.

The aim of the present study was to assess the values of haematological parameters using an automatic method and to evaluate the blood profile in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) reared in different aquaculture systems (offshore cage and onshore tanks). For this reason, 100 fish (5 replicates for each aquaculture system) reared in two Sicilian farms with different management: offshore cages (Farm 1) and onshore open concrete tanks (Farm 2), were used. In both aquaculture farms, physical and chemical characteristics of water were detected. After collection, blood samples were immediately analysed with both manual and automatic methods. Our results showed that sea bream with similar biometric data (in mean 292 g in weight and 27.2 cm in total length for Farm 1; 232 g in weight and 24.6 cm in total length for Farm 2), but rearing in different conditions, have different baseline haematological values and this underline that water quality could influence haematological parameters of fish. In particular, it was seen that Farm 2 showed a lower value of RBC, Hct and WBC and higher value of Hgb, TC, MCV, MCH and MCHC than Farm 1. In particular, mean values of 3.28 and 2.89 in RBC; 7.38 and 45.19 in Hct, 8.31 and 10.66 in Hgb, 62.55 and 53.80 in WBC, 67.92 and 88.66 in TC, 146.3 and 157.5 in MCV, 25.55 and 37.13 in MCH and 17.6 and 23.62 in MCHC were recorded respectively for Farm 1 and Farm 2. The variations in haematological parameters due to different location of farm allow us to claim that changes in blood characteristics are important indices in monitoring the effect of habitat changes and management on the fish physiology.

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Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy

Housing conditions and human presence have been shown to have an influence on daily amount of activity in herbivores. Only few studies on the behavior of cats and interactions between cat and human were conducted, and these few works are referred to cats housed in laboratories. At the same way, only few and conflicting reports about the presence of circadian rhythms in cats are present. In view of this incomplete literature, the main aim of our study was to investigate the influence of different housing conditions on daily rhythm of total locomotor activity (TLA) in cats. For this purpose, 10 clinically healthy adult domestic cats were used. They were divided into 2 equal groups living with their owner in their home. Group A lived in 80-100 m 2 house and had free daily access to 20-40 m 2 garden from 08:00 to 9:00. Group B lived in 200-250 m 2 house, had free access to 2000-2500 m 2 garden all day, and from 21:00 to 08:00 they were kept outside. Our results showed that in group A, that live in strong symbiosis with owners respect to group B, the amount of activity was higher during the photophase. This supporting the view that domestic cats adapt their lifestyle with their owners. Group B exhibited the highest level of locomotor activity during the scotophase. Moreover, a robust daily rhythmicity of TLA was observed in group B; on the contrary, in group A, TLA showed no daily rhythmicity. Our findings underline the high influence of human presence and care on the amount of activity and daily rhythm in cats.

Michele Panzera

Papers

Haematological and serum protein profiles of Mugil cephalus: effect of two different habitats

Haematological and biochemical response of Mugil cephalus after acclimation to captivity

Effect of moderate treadmill exercise on some physiological parameters in untrained Beagle dogs.

Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy

Daily rhythm of total activity pattern in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) maintained in two different housing conditions