Experimental Psychology Its Scope and Method. IV. Learning and Memory. By Jean-Francois Le Ny, G. De Montpellier, G. Oleron and Cesar Flores. Translated by Louise Elkington. Edited by P. Fraisse and Jean Piaget. Pp. viii + 376. (Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, April 1970.) 80s.

Learning and Memory

Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief—an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report

Background: This study was undertaken to characterize the vaginal microbiota throughout normal human pregnancy using sequence-based techniques. We compared the vaginal microbial composition of non-pregnant patients with a group of pregnant women who delivered at term. Results: A retrospective case–control longitudinal study was designed and included non-pregnant women (n = 32) and pregnant women who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks) without complications (n = 22). Serial samples of vaginal fluid were collected from both non-pregnant and pregnant patients. A 16S rRNA gene sequence-based survey was conducted using pyrosequencing to characterize the structure and stability of the vaginal microbiota. Linear mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations were used to identify the phylotypes whose relative abundance was different between the two study groups. The vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women was different from that of non-pregnant women (higher abundance of Lactobacillus vaginalis, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii and lower abundance of 22 other phylotypes in pregnant women). Bacterial community state type (CST) IV-B or CST IV-A characterized by high relative abundance of species of genus Atopobium as well as the presence of Prevotella, Sneathia, Gardnerella, Ruminococcaceae, Parvimonas, Mobiluncus and other taxa previously shown to be associated with bacterial vaginosis were less frequent in normal pregnancy. The stability of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women was higher than that of non-pregnant women; however, during normal pregnancy, bacterial communities shift almost exclusively from one CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. to another CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. Conclusion: We report the first longitudinal study of the vaginal microbiota in normal pregnancy. Differences in the composition and stability of the microbial community between pregnant and non-pregnant women were observed. Lactobacillus spp. were the predominant members of the microbial community in normal pregnancy. These results can serve as the basis to study the relationship between the vaginal microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

/pdf/the-composition-and-stability-of-the-vaginal-microbiota-of-2ovue5t683.pdf

The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

I. Leonard Bernstein, MD; James T. Li, MD, PhD; David I. Bernstein, MD; Robert Hamilton, PhD, DABMLI; Sheldon L. Spector, MD; Ricardo Tan, MD; Scott Sicherer, MD; David B. K. Golden, MD; David A. Khan, MD; Richard A. Nicklas, MD; Jay M. Portnoy, MD; Joann Blessing-Moore, MD; Linda Cox, MD; David M. Lang, MD; John Oppenheimer, MD; Christopher C. Randolph, MD; Diane E. Schuller, MD; Stephen A. Tilles, MD; Dana V. Wallace, MD; Estelle Levetin, PhD; and Richard Weber, MD

/pdf/allergy-diagnostic-testing-an-updated-practice-parameter-21api4satq.pdf

Allergy diagnostic testing: An updated practice parameter

As the proportion of the ageing population in industrialized countries continues to increase, the dermatological concerns of the aged grow in medical importance. Intrinsic structural changes occur as a natural consequence of ageing and are genetically determined. The rate of ageing is significantly different among different populations, as well as among different anatomical sites even within a single individual. The intrinsic rate of skin ageing in any individual can also be dramatically influenced by personal and environmental factors, particularly the amount of exposure to ultraviolet light. Photodamage, which considerably accelerates the visible ageing of skin, also greatly increases the risk of cutaneous neoplasms. As the population ages, dermatological focus must shift from ameliorating the cosmetic consequences of skin ageing to decreasing the genuine morbidity associated with problems of the ageing skin. A better understanding of both the intrinsic and extrinsic influences on the ageing of the skin, as well as distinguishing the retractable aspects of cutaneous ageing (primarily hormonal and lifestyle influences) from the irretractable (primarily intrinsic ageing), is crucial to this endeavour.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00415.x

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: a review.

Significance: Although most researches into the changes in skin with age focus on the unwelcome aesthetic aspects of the aging skin, skin deterioration with age is more than a merely cosmetic problem. Although mortality from skin disease is primarily restricted to melanoma, dermatological disorders are ubiquitous in older people with a significant impact on quality of life. The structural and functional deterioration of the skin that occurs with age has numerous clinical presentations, ranging from benign but potentially excruciating disorders like pruritus to the more threatening carcinomas and melanomas. Recent Advances: The degenerative changes that occur in the aging skin are increasingly understood at both the molecular and cellular level, facilitating a deeper understanding of the structural and functional deterioration that these changes produce. Critical Issues: A loss of both function and structural stability in skin proceeds unavoidably as individuals age, which is the result of both intrinsic a...

/pdf/characteristics-of-the-aging-skin-1qxd9wau60.pdf

Characteristics of the Aging Skin

The morphology and physiology of the vulva and vagina change over a lifetime. The most salient changes are linked to puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause. The cutaneous epithelia of the mons pubis, labia, and clitoris originate from the embryonic ectoderm and exhibit a keratinized, stratified structure similar to the skin at other sites. The mucosa of the vulvar vestibule, which originates from the embryonic endoderm, is non-keratinized. The vagina, derived from the embryonic mesoderm, is responsive to estrogen cycling. At birth, the vulva and vagina exhibit the effects of residual maternal estrogens. During puberty, the vulva and vagina acquire mature characteristics in a sequential fashion in response to adrenal and gonadal maturation. A trend to earlier pubertal onset has been observed in Western developed countries. In women of reproductive age, the vaginal mucosa responds to steroid hormone cycling, exhibiting maximal thickness and intracellular glycogen content at mid-cycle. Vulvar skin thickness remains unchanged but menstrual cycle-associated changes in ortho- and parakeratosis occur at the cytological level. The vulva and vagina further adapt to the needs of pregnancy and delivery. After menopause, tissue atrophy ensues. Post-menopausal changes in skin barrier function, skin hydration, and irritant susceptibility have been observed on exposed skin but not on the vulva. Nevertheless, older women with incontinence are at increased risk for developing incontinence dermatitis. A combination of factors, such as tissue atrophy, slower dissipation of excess skin hydration, shear forces associated with limited mobility, and lower tissue regeneration capacity increase the risk of morbidity from incontinence dermatitis in older women.

Lifetime changes in the vulva and vagina

From the contents BASIC SCIENCES -- DISEASE STATE / CONDITIONS WITH AGING -- Malignant Ski Conditions -- Non-Malignant Skin Conditions -- TECHNIQUES AND METHODS -- Bioengineering Methods -- Biometrics -- Quality of Life -- Cell (Molecular) Biology -- Percutaneous Penetration -- Sensory Methods -- Modelling -- Genetic -- TOXICILOGICAL OR SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS -- Safety Evaluation for the Elderly Population -- Microbiology -- Wound Healing -- Wrinkles -- Beauty Care Products -- Oral Care Products -- Fem Care Products -- Health Care -- GLOBAL CONSUMER AND OTHER TOPICS -- Sociological Implications -- Psychosocial Implications -- Anthropology -- Gender and Ethnicity Differences -- Sensitive Skin -- Sexology -- Cosmetic Surgeries -- Incontinence -- Psychological Effects -- Nutrition and Effect on Skin Aging -- GLOBAL MARKET PLACE.

Textbook of aging skin

The global population is aging. In many industrial countries, almost one in five people are over age 65. As people age, gradual changes ensue in vision, hearing, balance, coordination, and memory. Products, communication materials, and the physical environment must be thoughtfully designed to meet the needs of people of all ages. This article summarizes normal changes in sensory function, mobility, balance, memory, and attention that occur with age. It presents practical guidelines that allow design professionals to accommodate these changes and better meet the needs of older adults. Designing for older adults is inclusive design: it accommodates a range of physical and cognitive abilities and promotes simplicity, flexibility, and ease of use for people of any age.

https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/download/14257/10564

Miranda A. Farage

Papers

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: a review.

Characteristics of the Aging Skin

Lifetime changes in the vulva and vagina

Textbook of aging skin

Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults