The use of antibiotics may accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacteria which shade health risks to humans and animals. The emerging of ARGs in the water environment is becoming an increasing worldwide concern. Hundreds of various ARGs encoding resistance to a broad range of antibiotics have been found in microorganisms distributed not only in hospital wastewaters and animal production wastewaters, but also in sewage, wastewater treatment plants, surface water, groundwater, and even in drinking water. This review summarizes recently published information on the types, distributions, and horizontal transfer of ARGs in various aquatic environments, as well as the molecular methods used to detect environmental ARGs, including specific and multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction), real-time PCR, DNA sequencing, and hybridization based techniques.

Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment.

OP/nerve agents are still considered as important chemicals acting on living organisms and are widely used. They are characterized according to their action as compounds influencing cholinergic nerve transmission via inhibition of AChE. Modeling of this action and extrapolation of experimental data from animals to humans is more possible for highly toxic agents than for the OP. The symptoms of intoxication comprise nicotinic, muscarinic, and central symptoms; for some OP/nerve agents, a delayed neurotoxicity is observed. Cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) are characterized as the main enzymes involved in the toxic effect of these compounds, including molecular forms. The activity of both enzymes (and molecular forms) is influenced by inhibitors (reversible, irreversible, and allosteric) and other factors, such as pathological states. There are different methods for cholinesterase determination; however, the most frequent is the method based on the hydrolysis of thiocholine esters and subsequent detection of free SH-group of the released thiocholine. The diagnosis of OP/nerve agent poisoning is based on anamnesis, the clinical status of the intoxicated organism, and on cholinesterase determination in the blood. For nerve agent intoxication, AChE in the red blood cell is more diagnostically important than BuChE activity in the plasma. This enzyme is a good diagnostic marker for intoxication with OP pesticides. Some other biochemical examinations are recommended, especially arterial blood gas, blood pH, minerals, and some other specialized parameters usually not available in all clinical laboratories. These special examinations are important for prognosis of the intoxication, for effective treatment, and for retrospective analysis of the agent used for exposure. Some principles of prophylaxis against OP/nerve agent poisoning comprising the administration of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine (alone or in combination with other drugs), scavengers such as preparations of cholinesterases, some therapeutic drugs, and possible combinations are given. Basic principles of the treatment of nerve agent OP poisoning are described. They are based on the administration of anticholinergics (mostly atropine but some other anticholinergics can be recommended) as a symptomatic treatment, cholinesterase reactivators as a causal treatment (different types but without a universal reactivator against all OP/nerve agents) as the first aid and medical treatment, and anticonvulsants, preferably diazepam though some other effective benzodiazepines are available. New drugs for the treatment are under experimental study based on new approaches to the mechanism of action. Future trends in the complex research of these compounds, which is important not only for the treatment of intoxication but also for the quantitative and qualitative increase of our knowledge of toxicology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, clinical biochemistry, and analytical chemistry in general, are characterized.

Organophosphates⧸Nerve Agent Poisoning: Mechanism of Action, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, And Treatment

Summary: Blastocystis is an unusual enteric protozoan parasite of humans and many animals. It has a worldwide distribution and is often the most commonly isolated organism in parasitological surveys. The parasite has been described since the early 1900s, but only in the last decade or so have there been significant advances in our understanding of Blastocystis biology. However, the pleomorphic nature of the parasite and the lack of standardization in techniques have led to confusion and, in some cases, misinterpretation of data. This has hindered laboratory diagnosis and efforts to understand its mode of reproduction, life cycle, prevalence, and pathogenesis. Accumulating epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro data strongly suggest that Blastocystis is a pathogen. Many genotypes exist in nature, and recent observations indicate that humans are, in reality, hosts to numerous zoonotic genotypes. Such genetic diversity has led to a suggestion that previously conflicting observations on the pathogenesis of Blastocystis are due to pathogenic and nonpathogenic genotypes. Recent epidemiological, animal infection, and in vitro host-Blastocystis interaction studies suggest that this may indeed be the case. This review focuses on such recent advances and also provides updates on laboratory and clinical aspects of Blastocystis spp.

New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp.

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Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Chrysanthemum indicum

In this study the composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained fromOriganum onites, Mentha piperita, Juniperus exalsa, Chrysanthemum indicum, Lavandula hybrida, Rosa damascena, Echinophora tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare were examined. To evaluate thein vitro antibacterial activities of these eight aromatic extracts; theirin vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by disk diffusion testing, according to the NCCLS criteria.Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922J,Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853 were used as standard test bacterial strains.Origanum onites recorded antimicrobial activity against all test bacteria, and was strongest againstStaphylococcus aureus. ForRosa damascena, Mentha piperita andLavandula hybrida antimicrobial activity was recorded only toStaphylococcus aureus. Juniperus exalsa, and Chrysanthemum indicum exhibited antibacterial activities against bothStaphylococcus aureus andEscherichia coli. We also examined thein vitro antimicrobial activities of some components of the essential oils and found some components with antimicrobial activity.

Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils.

Objectives:
The objectives of the present study were to assess the prevalence rate of caries on individual permanent tooth surfaces, and to compare individual tooth surface caries rates among gender and age groups.

/pdf/prevalence-of-caries-on-individual-tooth-surfaces-and-its-r8afdqazyy.pdf

Prevalence of Caries on Individual Tooth Surfaces and its Distribution by Age and Gender in University Clinic Patients

https://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_III/Anatomie/Minuth/PDF/Proceedings/2008_Demirci.pdf

The induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity by dental adhesives.

Methidathion (MD) [O,O-dimethyl S-(2,3-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate] is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides (OPIs) in agriculture and public health programmes. We have, therefore, examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of MD on the serum activities of cholinesterase (ChE), enzymes concerning liver damage and lipid peroxidation (LPO; only in vivo), and have evaluated the ameliorating effects of a combination of vitamins E and C against MD toxicity. The in vivo experimental groups were: control group, MD-treated group (MD), and a group treated with MD plus vitamin E plus vitamin C (MD+Vit). The MD and MD+Vit groups were treated orally with a single dose of 8 mg MD/kg body weight at 0 h. Vitamin E and vitamin C were injected at doses of 150 mg/kg body weight i.m. and 200 mg/kg body weight i.p., respectively, 30 min after the treatment with MD in the MD+Vit group. Blood samples were taken 24 h after the MD administration. For in vitro study, venous blood samples were obtained from volunteers, and serum recovered. The activities of serum enzymes were determined in each sample and these served as 0 h values. Each sample was divided into four portions, each of which served as one of the experimental groups, as follows: control group, vitamin E plus vitamin C group (Vit), MD-treated group (MD) and MD plus vitamin E plus vitamin C group (MD+Vit). Vitamin E and vitamin C were added at doses of 7.5 and 10 µg/ml, respectively, into the Vit and MD+Vit groups. MD was added at doses of 0.4 mg/ml into the MD and MD+Vit groups. The activities of serum enzymes were determined in each sample at 24 h. The results of the in vivo experiment demonstrated that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased in the MD group compared with the control group, and decreased in the MD+Vit group compared with MD group. ChE activity was decreased in both MD and MD+Vit groups compared with controls and increased in the MD+Vit group compared with the MD group. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in both the MD and MD+Vit groups compared with the control group. AST activity was decreased in MD+Vit group compared with the MD group. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was decreased in both the MD and MD+Vit groups compared with control group. The results of in vitro experiment showed that all enzyme activities remained unchanged in both the control and Vit groups compared with values at 0 h. The activities of ChE, ALT and LDH were decreased in both the MD and MD+Vit groups compared with 0 h values. There was no significant difference between the MD and MD+Vit groups. The activities of AST, ALP and GGT remained unchanged in all groups. From these results, it can be concluded that MD caused liver damage, and LPO may be one of the molecular mechanisms involved in MD-induced toxicity. Single-dose treatment with a combination of vitamins E and C after the administration of MD can reduce LPO caused by MD.

The effects of methidathion on lipid peroxidation and some liver enzymes: role of vitamins E and C.

Statement of Problem

The application of modeling resin could affect the surface quality and color of resin composites.



Purpose

To evaluate the effects of modeling resin on the microhardness, roughness, and color of composite restorations, with and without thermocycling.



Methods

Sixty disc-shaped specimens for each resin composite were prepared in three groups: Group 1: A resin composite disc was cured against a polyester matrix and finished/polished; Group 2: A composite instrument was wetted with Bisco Modeling Resin (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA) to smooth the composite surface, which was cured against a polyester matrix and finished/polished; Group 3: A composite instrument was wetted with modeling resin to smooth the composite surface, which was cured against a polyester matrix. Microhardness, roughness, and color were measured 24 hours after curing and after 10,000 thermocycles.



Results

Modeling resin significantly influenced the microhardness of GrandioSO (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and Gradia Direct Posterior (GC America, Alsip, IL, USA), and the surface roughness of GrandioSO, Filtek Silorane (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), and Aelite All Purpose Body (Bisco) (p   0.05). Tested composites showed clinically perceptible color changes after thermocycling. In Group 1, Filtek Ultimate (3M ESPE) showed the lowest color change (p < 0.05), and in Group 2, Filtek Silorane showed the highest significant color changes (p < 0.05).



Conclusions

Modeling resin did not affect the microhardness, surface roughness, and color of Aelite LS Posterior (Bisco), Filtek Ultimate (3M ESPE), and Clearfil Majesty Esthetic (Kuraray Medical Inc, Tokyo, Japan) specimens. Also, thermocycling process only affected microhardness of tested resin composites.



Clinical Significance

The effect of modeling resin on surface microhardness, roughness, and color stability of composite materials depends on the type of resin composite. In clinical practice, the adverse effects of modeling resin might be alleviated by a proper finishing and polishing procedure.

Mustafa Demirci

Papers

Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils.

Prevalence of Caries on Individual Tooth Surfaces and its Distribution by Age and Gender in University Clinic Patients

The induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity by dental adhesives.

The effects of methidathion on lipid peroxidation and some liver enzymes: role of vitamins E and C.

The effect of a modeling resin and thermocycling on the surface hardness, roughness, and color of different resin composites.