The use of antibiotics may accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacteria which shade health risks to humans and animals. The emerging of ARGs in the water environment is becoming an increasing worldwide concern. Hundreds of various ARGs encoding resistance to a broad range of antibiotics have been found in microorganisms distributed not only in hospital wastewaters and animal production wastewaters, but also in sewage, wastewater treatment plants, surface water, groundwater, and even in drinking water. This review summarizes recently published information on the types, distributions, and horizontal transfer of ARGs in various aquatic environments, as well as the molecular methods used to detect environmental ARGs, including specific and multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction), real-time PCR, DNA sequencing, and hybridization based techniques.

Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment.

OP/nerve agents are still considered as important chemicals acting on living organisms and are widely used. They are characterized according to their action as compounds influencing cholinergic nerve transmission via inhibition of AChE. Modeling of this action and extrapolation of experimental data from animals to humans is more possible for highly toxic agents than for the OP. The symptoms of intoxication comprise nicotinic, muscarinic, and central symptoms; for some OP/nerve agents, a delayed neurotoxicity is observed. Cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) are characterized as the main enzymes involved in the toxic effect of these compounds, including molecular forms. The activity of both enzymes (and molecular forms) is influenced by inhibitors (reversible, irreversible, and allosteric) and other factors, such as pathological states. There are different methods for cholinesterase determination; however, the most frequent is the method based on the hydrolysis of thiocholine esters and subsequent detection of free SH-group of the released thiocholine. The diagnosis of OP/nerve agent poisoning is based on anamnesis, the clinical status of the intoxicated organism, and on cholinesterase determination in the blood. For nerve agent intoxication, AChE in the red blood cell is more diagnostically important than BuChE activity in the plasma. This enzyme is a good diagnostic marker for intoxication with OP pesticides. Some other biochemical examinations are recommended, especially arterial blood gas, blood pH, minerals, and some other specialized parameters usually not available in all clinical laboratories. These special examinations are important for prognosis of the intoxication, for effective treatment, and for retrospective analysis of the agent used for exposure. Some principles of prophylaxis against OP/nerve agent poisoning comprising the administration of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine (alone or in combination with other drugs), scavengers such as preparations of cholinesterases, some therapeutic drugs, and possible combinations are given. Basic principles of the treatment of nerve agent OP poisoning are described. They are based on the administration of anticholinergics (mostly atropine but some other anticholinergics can be recommended) as a symptomatic treatment, cholinesterase reactivators as a causal treatment (different types but without a universal reactivator against all OP/nerve agents) as the first aid and medical treatment, and anticonvulsants, preferably diazepam though some other effective benzodiazepines are available. New drugs for the treatment are under experimental study based on new approaches to the mechanism of action. Future trends in the complex research of these compounds, which is important not only for the treatment of intoxication but also for the quantitative and qualitative increase of our knowledge of toxicology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, clinical biochemistry, and analytical chemistry in general, are characterized.

Organophosphates⧸Nerve Agent Poisoning: Mechanism of Action, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, And Treatment

Summary: Blastocystis is an unusual enteric protozoan parasite of humans and many animals. It has a worldwide distribution and is often the most commonly isolated organism in parasitological surveys. The parasite has been described since the early 1900s, but only in the last decade or so have there been significant advances in our understanding of Blastocystis biology. However, the pleomorphic nature of the parasite and the lack of standardization in techniques have led to confusion and, in some cases, misinterpretation of data. This has hindered laboratory diagnosis and efforts to understand its mode of reproduction, life cycle, prevalence, and pathogenesis. Accumulating epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro data strongly suggest that Blastocystis is a pathogen. Many genotypes exist in nature, and recent observations indicate that humans are, in reality, hosts to numerous zoonotic genotypes. Such genetic diversity has led to a suggestion that previously conflicting observations on the pathogenesis of Blastocystis are due to pathogenic and nonpathogenic genotypes. Recent epidemiological, animal infection, and in vitro host-Blastocystis interaction studies suggest that this may indeed be the case. This review focuses on such recent advances and also provides updates on laboratory and clinical aspects of Blastocystis spp.

New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp.

The oral health surveys basic methods that we provide for you will be ultimate to give preference. This reading book is your chosen book to accompany you when in your free time, in your lonely. This kind of book can help you to heal the lonely and get or add the inspirations to be more inoperative. Yeah, book as the widow of the world can be very inspiring manners. As here, this book is also created by an inspiring author that can make influences of you to do more.

Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Chrysanthemum indicum

Microbiologic findings of sinusitis by a novel method for obtaining culture

Buharlasma miktari, hidrolojik ve meteorolojik calismalarda onemli bir parametredir. Buharlasmanin dogru bir sekilde tahmin edilmesi, su yapilarinin planlanmasinda ve isletilmesinde cok onemlidir. Bu calismada gunluk buharlasma miktarinin tahmini icin Amerika Birlesik Devletleri Jeolojik Arastirma Enstitusu (USGS)’den elde edilen 2008-2012 yillari arasindaki buharlasma verileri kullanilmistir. Gunluk buharlasma tahmini Mamdani ve Sugeno bulanik mantik yontemleri kullanilarak tahmin edilmeye calisilmis ve ortaya cikan sonuclar karsilastirilmistir. Calisma alani olarak Lewisville Golu yakininda (Texas, ABD) belirtilen bir istasyon secilmistir. Gunluk ortalama buharlasma tahmini icin ortalama gunluk hava sicakligi (T), ruzgar hizi (U), gunes isinimi (SR) ve bagil nem (RH) parametreleri kullanilmistir. Bulanik Mantik modelleri arasinda karsilastirma yapilmis ve sonucunda Sugeno yonteminin performansinin daha iyi oldugu gorulmustur.

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Günlük Buharlaşma Miktarının Bulanık Mantık Yöntemleri Kullanılarak Bölgesel Olarak Modellenmesi

Urban life and industrialization leads to a decrease in the incidence of many parasitic diseases. Especially, using the supervised water supplies in urban areas decreases the chance of such infestations and limits it in rural areas. However, the people who live in urban areas and have diseases such as kidney stones think that mountain waters may be beneficial for their illness. These types of water supplies are generally unsafe, uncontrolled and septic. That is why usage of them can cause some elusive parasitic infestations in people who live in urban areas. It is meaningful to submit the case described below to illustrate the possibility of parasitic infestations in patients who have upper respiratory tract infection symptoms who are admitted to the physician.

A case of leech infestation mimicking upper respiratory tract infection

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by the Leishmania spp. parasites, is a disease characterized by nodulo-ulcerative lesions in the skin. CL is transmitted to humans by infected sandflies during blood sucking, and is endemic in about 98 countries over the world. The demonstration of amastigotes via microscopic examination, and the growth of promastigotes in NNN (Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle) medium are gold standard methods for laboratory diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare the biphasic NNN medium that is frequently used in routine laboratories with the biphasic nutrient medium that can be prepared easily in microbiology laboratories, for the growth of promastigotes. In the study, the aspiration fluid sample was used as clinical sample which was obtained from the skin lesion of a 47-year-old female patient admitted to Izmir Katip Celebi Ataturk Education and Research Hospital dermatology outpatient clinic and pre-diagnosed as CL. The aspirate sample taken from the lesion was evaluated with microscopy, cultivation in two different media and real-time polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR) methods. In microscopic examination Leishmania amastigotes were observed in Giemsa-stained smears prepared from the aspiration fluid. In Rt-PCR performed by using specific primers and probes targeting ITS1 region of Leishmania parasite, a melting-curve compatible with L.tropica was detected. For cultivation, triple inoculations of the aspirate sample into NNN (NNN + RPMI 1640 + 10% fetal calf serum) and nutrient media (nutrient agar + nutrient broth + 10% fetal calf serum) were used. The cultures were incubated at 27°C for 10 days, and the number of propagated promastigotes were counted on the third, seventh and tenth days. The growth of Leishmania promastigotes was detected in both media on the third day. The number of promastigotes grown in NNN medium on the third, seventh and tenth days were 105/ml, 106/ml and 108/ml, respectively. Those values in nutrient medium were 106/ml, 107/ml and 108/ml on the third, seventh and tenth days, respectively. Although the number of promastigotes on the third and seventh days were higher in nutrient medium than NNN medium, the number of cultivated promastigotes were equal on the tenth day. As a result, nutrient medium is considered to have an impact in the diagnosis of CL, by providing an alternative to the routine medium used and can readily be available in microbiology and parasitology laboratories with long shelf-life. It was concluded that biphasic nutrient medium could be used as a supplementary medium for diagnosis in laboratories in the absence of NNN medium or can not be provided.

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An alternative biphasic nutrient medium for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis

OBJECTIVE In this study, the serological results of the patients who applied with the suspicion of toxoplasmosis in Kâtip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital in 2012 were evaluated to contribute to the toxoplasmosis sero-prevalence in our city, Izmir. METHODS The results of Anti-T. gondii IgG in 2942 serum samples and Anti-T. gondii IgM in 3899 serum samples that were sent by various clinics to our laboratory between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012, for the researching of the the presence of anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies were retrospectively investigated. The avidity value were searched in the serums in which Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were determined. RESULTS In 106 serum samples (2.7%) Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies, in 954 serum samples (32.4) anti T. gondii IgG antibodies were found. The avidity value was low in the eight (7.5%) and the avidity value was high in eighty-eight (83%) in the serum samples which were studied with the Anti-T. gondii IgG avidity test. CONCLUSION In this study in which we evaluated the anti-T. gondii tests of the year 2012 retrospectively, the prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies were fond in order of 2.7-32.4%.

Mustafa Demirci

Papers

Microbiologic findings of sinusitis by a novel method for obtaining culture

Günlük Buharlaşma Miktarının Bulanık Mantık Yöntemleri Kullanılarak Bölgesel Olarak Modellenmesi

A case of leech infestation mimicking upper respiratory tract infection

An alternative biphasic nutrient medium for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Evaluation of Serological Results of Patients with Suspected Toxoplasmosis