ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion-Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand

Guideline for the Prevention of Falls in Older Persons

A scheme is developed for classifying the types of motion perceived by a humanlike robot. It is assumed that the robot receives visual images of the scene using a perspective system model. Equations, theorems, concepts, clues, etc., relating the objects, their positions, and their motion to their images on the focal plane are presented. >

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/815/3148/00100651.pdf

Robot vision

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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

Humans have engaged in endurance running for millions of years, but the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s. For most of human evolutionary history, runners were either barefoot or wore minimal footwear such as sandals or moccasins with smaller heels and little cushioning relative to modern running shoes. We wondered how runners coped with the impact caused by the foot colliding with the ground before the invention of the modern shoe. Here we show that habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot (fore-foot strike) before bringing down the heel, but they sometimes land with a flat foot (mid-foot strike) or, less often, on the heel (rear-foot strike). In contrast, habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike, facilitated by the elevated and cushioned heel of the modern running shoe. Kinematic and kinetic analyses show that even on hard surfaces, barefoot runners who fore-foot strike generate smaller collision forces than shod rear-foot strikers. This difference results primarily from a more plantarflexed foot at landing and more ankle compliance during impact, decreasing the effective mass of the body that collides with the ground. Fore-foot- and mid-foot-strike gaits were probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes, and may protect the feet and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by a high percentage of runners.

/pdf/foot-strike-patterns-and-collision-forces-in-habitually-2kx45jf7jw.pdf

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners

ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—part I: ankle, hip, and spine

Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review.

This volume explains the components of three-dimensional analysis of human movement. It provides an understanding of the underlying technology and modelling techniques - including robotics and virtual reality - for the quantification of human movement. Readers should gain insights into methods of capturing, reconstructing and processing 3-D data; concepts of mechanical and neuromuscular modelling; and the application of 3-D analysis.

Three-dimensional analysis of human movement

Study Design. A retrospective study of standing imbalance and body posture in 71 able-bodied girls and subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was conducted. Objective. To test the hypothesis that postural parameters are related to standing stability parameters. Summary of Background Data. Spinal deformity not only modifies the shape of the trunk, but also changes the relations between body segments affecting posture in scoliotic children. These postural adaptations to the scoliotic curve progression could be linked in part to increased body sway in upright standing. This has not yet been related to specific postural parameters involving the head, trunk, and pelvis in nontreated idiopathic scoliosis. Methods. The head, trunk, and pelvis orientations of each subject were measured by a Flock of Bird system. An AMTI force platform was used to assess quiet standing stability and to monitor the position and displacement of the center of pressure (COP). The center of mass (COM) excursion was estimated from a biomechanical model using force plate information only. Analyses of variance (ANOVAS) were performed to determine the statistical differences between the scoliotic and nonscoliotic subjects, and backward stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to identify any correlation between measures of quiet standing stability and body postural parameters Results. The scoliotic group was characterized by a decrease in standing stability. There was an increase in the sway areas measured by the variations of the COP and COM. From the backward stepwise multiple regression analysis, it appears that for the able-bodied girls, the body posture parameters were correlated only with the mean anteroposterior center of pressure (COPAP) position. For the scoliotic group, the sway areas and the mean position of the centers of pressure and the COPAP–COMAP were correlated significantly with body posture parameters. The higher COP–COM differences for the scoliotic group were attributed to a greater neuromuscular demand to maintain standing balance. The coefficients of correlation of the multiple regression analyses ranged from 0.64 to 0.85 for the nonscoliotic group and from 0.55 to 0.72 for the scoliotic group. Conclusions. The use of backward stepwise multiple correlations highlighted the interaction between several body parameters and their relation to standing stability in both able-bodied girls and scoliotic subjects. The scoliotic group displayed a much larger number of correlations between standing stability and body posture parameters than the nonscoliotic group. Standing imbalance was related to altered body posture parameters measured in the frontal and horizontal planes only. Although the correlation coefficients were relatively high, factors other than body posture parameters appeared related to standing imbalance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. These findings support the concept of either a primary or a secondary dysfunction in the postural regulation system of scoliotic subjects.

Paul Allard

Papers

ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—part I: ankle, hip, and spine

Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review.

Three-dimensional analysis of human movement

Relations between standing stability and body posture parameters in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine