Colour is an important quality attribute in the food and bioprocess industries, and it influences consumer’s choice and preferences. Food colour is governed by the chemical, biochemical, microbial and physical changes which occur during growth, maturation, postharvest handling and processing. Colour measurement of food products has been used as an indirect measure of other quality attributes such as flavour and contents of pigments because it is simpler, faster and correlates well with other physicochemical properties. This review discusses the techniques and procedures for the measurement and analysis of colour in food and other biomaterial materials. It focuses on the instrumental (objective) and visual (subjective) measurements for quantifying colour attributes and highlights the range of primary and derived objective colour indices used to characterise the maturity and quality of a wide range of food products and beverages. Different approaches applied to model food colour are described, including reaction mechanisms, response surface methodology and others based on probabilistic and non-isothermal kinetics. Colour is one of the most widely measured product quality attributes in postharvest handling and in the food processing research and industry. Apart from differences in instrumentation, colour measurements are often reported based on different colour indices even for the same product, making it difficult to compare results in the literature. There is a need for standardisation to improve the traceability and transferability of measurements. The correlation between colour and other sensory quality attributes is well established, but future prospects exist in the application of objective non-destructive colour measurement in predictive modelling of the nutritional quality of fresh and processed food products.

Colour Measurement and Analysis in Fresh and Processed Foods: A Review

Anthocyanins and betalains play important roles both in plant physiology, visual attraction for pollinators and seed dispersers, but also in food mainly defining its aesthetic value. Since anthocyanin and betalain structures allow to predict only part of their appearance, additional chemical and anatomical functions are required to modulate the appearance of plants and coloured food. Physiological effects that the same pigments exert in plants are supposedly similar to those which they show in humans following ingestion of coloured food. Therefore, anthocyanins and betalains both in fresh and also processed fruit and vegetables serve two functions: They improve the overall appearance, but also contribute to consumers' health and well-being.

Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition

Hydrocolloids are widely used in many food formulations to improve quality attributes and shelf-life. The two main uses are as thickening and gelling agents. As thickening agents, they find uses in soups, gravies, salad dressings, sauces and toppings while as gelling agents, they are extensively used in products like jam, jelly, marmalade, restructured foods and low sugar/calorie gels. The role of specific hydrocolloids for thickening and for gel formation is reviewed pinpointing specific applications in food formulations and for product development.

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Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review

Recent development of chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes with natural polysaccharides for drug delivery.

Gelation of gellan – A review

Inulin as texture modifier in dairy products

The process by which man accepts or rejects food is of a multi-dimensional nature. In complex food matrices, it is not always easy to establish relationships between the individual chemical stimuli concentration, physiological perception, and consumer reaction. Consumers’ responses to food are not only based on the sensory characteristics of the product and on their physiological status but they are also related to other factors, such as previous information acquired about the product, their past experience, and their attitudes and beliefs. This paper discusses different methods to obtain information about consumer perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and expectations.

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Food Acceptance: The Role of Consumer Perception and Attitudes

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/29611/3/Bayarri-International%20Dairy%20Journal-2010.pdf

Impact of sensory differences on consumer acceptability of yoghurt and yoghurt-like products

Flavor release and sensory characteristics of o/w emulsions. Influence of composition, microstructure and rheological behavior

The objective of this work was to study the effects of color on the perception of both sweetness and fruit flavor of different fruit (peach, orange, kiwifruit and berries) beverages. Four samples of each fruit beverage were prepared by adding different colorants but maintaining the same composition. Color was measured using a Hunter Lab colorimeter. Samples of each of the different fruits were ranked for color, sweetness and typical fruit flavor by a group of assessors. Color was found to influence sweetness only in orange drinks but it affected intensity of typical flavor in all fruit drinks.

S. Bayarri

Papers

Inulin as texture modifier in dairy products

Food Acceptance: The Role of Consumer Perception and Attitudes

Impact of sensory differences on consumer acceptability of yoghurt and yoghurt-like products

Flavor release and sensory characteristics of o/w emulsions. Influence of composition, microstructure and rheological behavior

Influence of color on perception of sweetness and fruit flavor of fruit drinks