Background: The mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball are not well defined.Purpose: To describe the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball based on videos of injury situations.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: Six international experts performed visual inspection analyses of 39 videos (17 male and 22 female players) of anterior cruciate ligament injury situations from high school, college, and professional basketball games. Two predefined time points were analyzed: initial ground contact and 50 milliseconds later. The analysts were asked to assess the playing situation, player behavior, and joint kinematics.Results: There was contact at the assumed time of injury in 11 of the 39 cases (5 male and 6 female players). Four of these cases were direct blows to the knee, all in men. Eleven of the 22 female cases were collisions, or the player was pushed by an opponent before the time of injury. The estimated time of injury, based on the group...

Mechanisms of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Basketball Video Analysis of 39 Cases

MCLEAN, S. G., S. W. LIPFERT, and A. J. VAN DEN BOGERT. Effect of Gender and Defensive Opponent on the Biomechanics of Sidestep Cutting. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1008 –1016, 2004. Purpose: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often occur in women during cutting maneuvers to evade a defensive player. Gender differences in knee kinematics have been observed, but it is not known to what extent these are linked to abnormal neuromuscular control elsewhere in the kinetic chain. Responses to defense players, which may be gender-dependent, have not been included in previous studies. This study determined the effects of gender and defense player on entire lower extremity biomechanics during sidestepping. Methods: Eight male and eight female subjects performed sidestep cuts with and without a static defensive opponent while 3D motion and ground reaction force data were recorded. Peak values of eight selected motion and force variables were, as well as their between-trial variabilities, submitted to a two-way (defense gender) ANOVA. A Bonferroni-corrected alpha level of 0.003 denoted statistical significance. Results: Females had less hip and knee flexion, hip and knee internal rotation, and hip abduction. Females had higher knee valgus and foot pronation angles, and increased variability in knee valgus and internal rotation. Increased medial ground reaction forces and flexion and abduction in the hip and knee occurred with the defensive player for both genders. Conclusions: A simulated defense player causes increased lower limb movements and forces, and should be a useful addition to laboratory protocols for sidestepping. Gender differences in the joint kinematics suggest that increased knee valgus may contribute to ACL injury risk in women, and that the hip and ankle may play an important role in controlling knee valgus during sidestepping. Consideration of the entire lower extremity contributes to an understanding of injury mechanisms and may lead to better training programs for injury prevention. Key Words: ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT, INJURY, LOWER LIMB KINEMATICS, SIMULATED DEFENSE, FEMALES, NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL

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Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics of sidestep cutting

https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=enme_facpub

Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak knee valgus moment during sidestepping: Implications for ACL injury

KERNOZEK, T. W., M. R. TORRY, H. VAN HOOF, H. COWLEY, and S. TANNER. Gender Differences in Frontal and Sagittal Plane Biomechanics during Drop Landings. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1003–1012, 2005. Purpose: To determine gender differences in lower-extremity joint kinematics and kinetics between age- and skill-matched recreational athletes. Methods: Inverse dynamic solutions estimated the lower-extremity flexion-extension and varus-valgus kinematics and kinetics for 15 females and 15 males performing a 60-cm drop landing. A mixed model, repeated measures analysis of variance (gender * joint) was performed on select kinematic and kinetic variables. Results: Peak hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion angles were greater in females in the sagittal plane (group effect, P 0.02). Females exhibited greater frontal plane motion (group * joint, P 0.02). Differences were attributed to greater peak knee valgus and peak ankle pronation angles (post hoc tests, P 0.00). Females exhibited a greater range of motion (ROM) in the sagittal plane (group main effect, P 0.02) and the frontal plane (group * joint, P 0.01). Differences were attributed to the greater knee varus-valgus ROM, ankle dorsiflexion, and pronation ROM (post hoc tests). Ground reaction forces were different between groups (group * direction, P 0.05). Females exhibited greater peak vertical and posterior (A/P) force than males (post hoc tests). Females exhibited different knee moment profiles (Group main effect, P 0.01). These differences were attributed to a reduced varus moment in females (post hoc tests). Conclusion: The majority of the differences in kinematic and kinetic variables between male and female recreational athletes during landing were observed in the frontal plane not in the sagittal plane. Specifically, females generated a smaller internal knee varus moment at the time of peak valgus knee angulation. Key Words: ACL, KNEE, INJURY, GENDER, KINETICS, BIOMECHANICS

Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanics during drop landings.

Authors report a series of 27 cases of serious knee ligament injuries on volleball players. The most frequent mechanism of injury was found in landing from a jump in the attack zone. Women are more affected than men. Injuries were related more to a playing action than to a training session. Volleyball must then be considered between the high risk sports due to the frequency and gravity of our surgical findings. Results are similar to those obtained in other athletes using the same surgical procedure. Language: en

Knee ligament injuries in volleyball players

Effects of Pilates exercise on trunk strength, endurance and flexibility in sedentary adult females

Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyball players

ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: Soc cer re qu i res high mus cu lar per for man ce on legs. The qu ad ri ceps and hams tring musc le strength are im por tant du ring the run ning, kic king and sta bi li zing of kne e. Isoki ne tic strength eva lu a ti on is com mon in the sports me di ci ne. Musc le strength im ba lan ces con tri bu te to kne e in ju ri es. The aim of this study was to com pa re the con cen tric and ec cen tric iso ki ne tic qu ad ri ceps and hams tring musc le strength among the pro fes si o nal soc cer pla yers ac cor ding to the ir pla ying le a gu e. Ma te ri al and Met hods: One hun dred fo rty fi ve pro fes si o nal soc cer pla yers in concen tric (1st le a gu e n= 74, 2nd le a gu e n= 51, 3rd le a gu e n= 20) and 130 pla yers in ec cen tric test (1st le a gu e n= 59, 2nd le a gu e n= 51, 3rd le a gu e n= 20) par ti ci pa ted in this study. Con cen tric and ec cen tric strength of qu ad ri ceps and hams tring in both legs was as ses sed using a Bi o dex at 60o/s (Pe ak tor qu e, hams tring qu ad ri ceps ra ti o). Analy sis of va ri an ce (ANO VA) was app li ed for each de pen dent va ri ab le. Pa i red-t test was used in each gro up to exa mi ne dif fe ren ces bet we en do mi nant and nondo mi nant leg in PT va lu es. A cri te ri on le vel of p< 0.05 was se lec ted for all analy ses. Re sults: Concen tric and ec cen tric qu ad ri ceps and hams tring musc le strength we re dif fe rent bet we en the le a gu es. Con cen tric and ec cen tric strength va lu es of qu ad ri ceps in both legs we re hig her in the 1st le a gu e than 2nd-3rd le a gu e (p< 0.05). Con cen tric hams tring and ra ti o va lu es in both legs we re hig her in the 1st le a gu e than 2nd -3rd le a gu e (p< 0.05). Ec cen tric hams tring and ra ti o va lu es we re fo und hig her in the 2nd le a gu e than the ot hers (p< 0.05). Conc lu si on: The re sults sho wed that the musc le strength of pla yers can be re la ted to the ir pla ying le a gu e be ca u se soc cer te ams ha ve dif fe rent strength tra i ning prog rams. Spe ci fic ec cen tric exer ci ses for qu ad ri ceps and hams tring musc le sho uld be sup por ted in to the soc cer pla yer's tra i ning prog ram.

Isokinetic Strength of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles in Soccer Players Playing in Different Leagues

ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: Soc cer is wi dely con si de red to be the most po pu lar sport in the world. Se ve ral in ju ri es ha ve shown that musc le strength is af fec ted by se ve ral pa ra me ters such as he ight, body mass, do mi nant leg and age. The pur po se of this study was to in ves ti ga te the ef fect of age gro ups and the dif fe ren ce bet we en the con cen tric and ec cen tric iso ki ne tic pe ak tor qu e va lu es of qu ad ri ceps and hams tring musc les on do mi nant and non-do mi nant legs of men soc cer pla yers. Ma te ri al and Met hods: 102 (19.71 ± 3.8 ye ars) soc cer pla yers par ti ci pa ted in our study. The pla yers we re divi ded in to fo ur gro ups as 15-17 ye ars (n= 34), 18-20 ye ars (n= 35), 21-23 ye ars (n= 16), 24> -ye ars (n= 17). Iso ki ne tic con cen tric and ec cen tric musc le strength of qu ad ri ceps and hams tring musc le gro ups ha ve be en me a su red at an gu lar ve lo ci ti es of 60 deg re e/se conds (5 re pe ti ti ons). The ob ta i ned da ta was analy zed using SPSS (Ver si on 13.0; SPSS Inc.) soft wa re. One way analy sis of va ri an ce was app li ed for each de pen dent va ri ab le bet we en dif fe rent age gro ups. Post –hoc Tu key tests we re used in or der to de ter mi ne any sig ni fi cant dif fe ren ces bet we en gro ups. Iso ki ne tic strength va lu es of do mi nant and non-do mi nant legs ha ve be en analy zed by using pa i red t-test. For all analy ses, the signi fi can ce le vel has be en set as p< 0.05. Re sults: The re sults of our stu di es in di ca te that the re is no va ri a ti on bet we en the ec cen tric and con cen tric pe ak tor qu e va lu es of fo ur dif fe rent age gro ups. It has be en ob ser ved that the con cen tric pe ak tor qu e hams tring va lu es of the do mi nant leg are hig her than the va lu es of the non-do mi nant leg (p< 0.01). No dif fe ren ce has be en en co un te red in eccen tric pe ak tor qu e va lu es of do mi nant and non-do mi nant legs (p> 0.05). Conc lu si on: The re sults pre sen ted that musc le strength may re ma in unaf fec ted by age. Ac cor ding to the re sults, it has be en es tab lis hed that the con cen tric musc le strength va lu e of the do mi nant leg is hig her than that of the non-do mi nant leg. Fu tu re stu di es sho uld be car ri ed out with in cre a sed num ber of age gro ups and num ber of pla yers.

Sabire Akin

Papers

Effects of Pilates exercise on trunk strength, endurance and flexibility in sedentary adult females

Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyball players

Isokinetic Strength of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles in Soccer Players Playing in Different Leagues

Effect of Age on Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Strength of Knee Muscles in Soccer Players

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