The dramatic development of molecular genetics has laid the groundwork for genomics. It has introduced new generations of molecular markers for use in the genetic improvement of farm animals. These markers provide more accurate genetic information and better understanding of the animal genetic resources. Scientists, unfamiliar with the different molecular techniques tend to get lost as each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review represents a trail to shade alight on the different types of molecular markers by introducing a brief summary on the development of genetic markers including both the classical genetic markers and more advanced DNA-based molecular markers. This review could be helpful to better understand the characteristics of different genetic markers and the genetic diversity of animal genetic resources.

http://ejournal8.com/journals_n/1445499510.pdf

Molecular Markers: an Introduction and Applications

The Arabian Peninsula is known to have a comprehensive and rich endowment of unique and genetically diverse plant genetic resources. Analysis and conservation of biological diversity is a crucial issue to the whole Arabian Peninsula. The rapid and accurate delimitation and identification of a species is crucial to genetic diversity analysis and the first critical step in the assessment of distribution, population abundance and threats related to a particular target species. During the last two decades, classical strategies of evaluating genetic variability, such as morphology and physiology, have been greatly complemented by phylogenetic, taxonomic, genetic diversity and breeding research molecular studies. At present, initiatives are taking place around the world to generate DNA barcode libraries for vascular plant flora and to make these data available in order to better understand, conserve and utilize biodiversity. The number of herbarium collection-based plant evolutionary genetics and genomics studies being conducted has been increasing worldwide. The herbaria provide a rich resource of already preserved and identified material, and these as well as freshly collected samples from the wild can be used for creating a reference DNA barcode library for the vascular plant flora of a region. This review discusses the main molecular and genomic techniques used in plant identification and biodiversity analysis. Hence, we highlight studies emphasizing various molecular techniques undertaken during the last 10 years to study the plant biodiversity of the Arabian Peninsula. Special emphasis on the role of DNA barcoding as a powerful tool for plant biodiversity analysis is provided, along with the crucial role of herbaria in creating a DNA barcode library.

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The Promise of Molecular and Genomic Techniques for Biodiversity Research and DNA Barcoding of the Arabian Peninsula Flora

Population genetic structure and diversity analysis in Hedychium coronarium populations using morphological, phytochemical and molecular markers

Molecular typing and differences in biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibilities among Prototheca strains isolated in Italy and Brazil.

Lactic acid bacteria play a very important role in food fermentation. For strain identification, characterization and protection, it is important to use highly discriminatory identification methods. In the present study, 37 strains isolated from vegetables and food products of Korea were identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing and were found to be Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Further, molecular characterization of all the strains was performed using two RAPD primers, i.e. 239 and KAY3. All strains have shown RAPD profiles and the amplified products of the profiles ranged from 300 to 4000 bp with both the primers and only small differences in banding pattern were observed. Out of 37, maximum bands were observed in strain 11436 with 239 and strain 11260 with KAY3. With both the primers, the phylogenetic analysis revealed seven clades which could be further subdivided into groups. The dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The results showed that 16S rDNA sequencing and RAPD-PCR are suitable preliminary molecular tools for identification and characterization of bacteria.

RAPD analysis of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains associated with vegetables and food products from Korea

RAPD is a PCR based technique which involves the use of single arbitrary short primers (8-12 nucleotid es), resulting in the amplification of many discrete DNA . The segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The technique was developed independently by two different laboratories and called as RAPD and AP-PCR (Arbitrary Primed PCR). This procedure detects nucl eotide sequence polymorphisms in a DNA amplification based assay using only a single prime r of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. The RAPD technology has provided a quick and efficient scree n for DNA-sequence polymorphisms at a very large no of loci. The present communication gives emphasis on basic knowledge about RAPD, procedure, its advantages disadvantages, limitations and applicati ons of RAPD.

Randomly amplified polymorphic dna-a brief review

Objective: Summary of breed characteristics of Black Bengal goats of Jharkhand (called as Jharkhand Black for ease) based on physical, cytogenetic and molecular parameters have been presented in the current study in order to characterize and conserve this unique germplasm. Findings: The physical parameters helped reveal the unique physical characteristics of Jharkhand Black goats with body weight of 18.64 and 17.75 kg respectively for the males and females. Cytogenetic characterization gave the length of all the autosomes (58) and sex (2) chromosomes of the total 60 chromosomes along with the karyotyping pattern of all 60 chromosomes. The X chromosome was found to be acrocentric and longest while the Y-chromosome was found to be smallest, dot like structure and suspected to be sub-metacentric. Molecular characterization showed the Mean na (observed number of alleles) was 2 while mean ne (effective number of alleles) was found to be 1.6935. Polymorphism information content (PIC) scores varied from 0.219 to 0.486 with over all over all mean 0.413. Evan’s Watterson’s Test of Neutrality indicated that F value for not even a single locus deviated from the standardized normal range of U95 and L95. Conclusions: The study might be further continued to provide additional information and evidence regarding the same which could be beneficial for conservation of this extremely important germplasm of Jharkhand and for the MAS.

Breed Characterization for Identification and Conservation of Black Bengal Goats of Jharkhand

/pdf/prevalence-of-helicobacter-pylori-infection-and-its-1dggnk2f.pdf

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Associated Factors Among Symptomatic Population in the India

This paper focuses on the application of solar energy along with microcontrollers to design and run a motor to pump water from various sources. The solar water pump is one of the applications or appliance that perform task with the use of solar radiation. The solar water pump consists of solar PV array, solar pump, inverter, AC water pumping device etc. Solar energy radiation is converted in electrical current or power source which is then used to run a pump and draw water directly from ground, wells, rivers, lakes etc. In this paper, the relationship between flow rate of the water and luminous intensity of the solar irradiance is studied and the data are linearly fitted to find out the correlation between these parameters. Also the study about efficiency of the solar powered water pump shows that the operation of this type of pumping system is quite efficient than other types of fossil fuel engines like diesel, petrol, kerosene etc. in long run. The use of Arduino Uno, flow sensor, LDR sensors in the solar powered water pump helps to analyze the relation between these parameters and know the conditions favorable for excess supply of water in short time efficiently. These solar powered devices are the future of clean and green future of this world. Thus it is not only necessary but also compulsory to enhance the usage of solar energy throughout the globe.

/pdf/design-of-digital-solar-water-pump-using-microcontroller-3rm2hfeh.pdf

Design of Digital Solar Water Pump Using Microcontroller ATmega 32

/pdf/comparative-evaluation-of-stool-antigen-test-and-serology-3fnexkv6.pdf

Comparative Evaluation of Stool Antigen Test and Serology (IgM) For Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Population in India1

Saroj Kumar Thakur

Papers

Randomly amplified polymorphic dna-a brief review

Breed Characterization for Identification and Conservation of Black Bengal Goats of Jharkhand

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Associated Factors Among Symptomatic Population in the India

Design of Digital Solar Water Pump Using Microcontroller ATmega 32

Comparative Evaluation of Stool Antigen Test and Serology (IgM) For Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Population in India1