I first read Davidson 30 years ago: at that time it was already in its 5th edition. A brief comparison shows that it then contained about 440,000 words in 1,100 pages: the current edition has compressed 625,000 words into 800 pages. I think I bought it as a student because it was cheap: but also because it seemed to be comprehensive and straightforward, and I have used it as a basis for my medical knowledge ever since. So I miss some of the old pictures of the acute skin rashes such as scarlet fever: in fact infectious disease has been transferred to the back and genetic factors take the first chapters. But careful linguistic comparison will still uncover the old phrases which some of us know by heart-there are minor changes such as 'alarming reactions to intravenous iron are uncommon, but have occasionally been noted', which becomes 'alarming systemic anaphyllactic reactions can occur'. Sir Stanley Davidson made 'no attempt to describe every rare disease or syndrome, but devoted most of the space available to those disorders most commonly encountered in practice'. I have grown up with successive editions, and have gradually come to appreciate the problems of the authors in the compression of knowledge. Having got to know many of them personally as real people rather than as names I can still recommend the book. It is the essential starting point for the study of internal medicine and for many doctors will remain their base reference work. The present editors have kept up-to-date and been prepared to prune the dead wood. There are many competitors in the market, and the publishers must take care with layout and illustration, although Davidson is still the best value for money. I will continue to recommend it to my clinical students: they will need to read it and know it to pass final MB. Postgraduates will need to remember the facts, but also to be able to place them in a broader perspective. The older consultant will still happily read it, and to get to know the authors themselves is really to complete your medical education. Dr John Macleod and his team have successfully kept alive the primary objective 'to provide a rational and easily comprehensible basis for the practice of medicine'. The book is economical in price and compact in size, but still contains the essential truths for the practice of good medicine.

Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine

Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands, Nephrology, Dialysis and Intensive Care Unit; Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany, Medical Faculty University of Cologne, Medicine Clinic I, Hospital Merheim, Germany (retired), Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey, Departement de Nephrologie JE 2411–Denutrition des Maladies Chroniques, Hopital E Herriot, France, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands, Nephrology Department, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy, Nephrology Unit, SM Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy, Department of Renal Medicine, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK, Department of Nephrology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (retired), Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Wurzburg, Germany, Department of Nephrology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

https://www.vascularaccesssociety.com/resources/media/Guidelines/1_patient_referral.pdf

EBPG on Vascular Access

https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(03)00426-9/pdf

Patency of autogenous and polytetrafluoroethylene upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses: a systematic review.

Radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: meta-analysis indicates a high primary failure rate.

Hyponatremia is a common water balance disorder that often poses a diagnostic or therapeutic challenge. Therefore, guidelines were developed by professional organizations, one from within the United States (2013) and one from within Europe (2014). This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia, comparing the two guidelines and highlighting recent developments. Diagnostically, the initial step is to differentiate hypotonic from nonhypotonic hyponatremia. Hypotonic hyponatremia is further differentiated on the basis of urine osmolality, urine sodium level, and volume status. Recently identified parameters, including fractional uric acid excretion and plasma copeptin concentration, may further improve the diagnostic approach. The treatment for hyponatremia is chosen on the basis of duration and symptoms. For acute or severely symptomatic hyponatremia, both guidelines adopted the approach of giving a bolus of hypertonic saline. Although fluid restriction remains the first-line treatment for most forms of chronic hyponatremia, therapy to increase renal free water excretion is often necessary. Vasopressin receptor antagonists, urea, and loop diuretics serve this purpose, but received different recommendations in the two guidelines. Such discrepancies may relate to different interpretations of the limited evidence or differences in guideline methodology. Nevertheless, the development of guidelines has been important in advancing this evolving field.

/pdf/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hyponatremia-compilation-of-the-49n6hhz39n.pdf

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatremia: Compilation of the Guidelines.

https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(01)64643-3/pdf

Impact of reintervention for failing upper-extremity arteriovenous autogenous access for hemodialysis.

The Value and Limitations of the Arm Cephalic and Basilic Vein for Arteriovenous Access

Hyponatremia is one of the most commonly encountered electrolyte abnormalities occurring in up to 22% of hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia usually reflects excess water retention relative to sodium rather than sodium deficiency. Volume status and serum osmolality are essential to determine etiology. Treatment depends on several factors, including the cause, overall volume status of the patient, severity of hyponatremic symptoms, and duration of hyponatremia at presentation. Vasopressin antagonists like tolvaptan seem promising for the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia in heart failure. Low sodium concentrations cause cerebral edema, but the overly rapid sodium correction can also lead to iatrogenic cerebral osmotic demyelination syndrome. Demyelination may occur days after sodium correction or initial neurologic recovery from hyponatremia. The following case report analyzes the role of vasopressin antagonists in the treatment of hyponatremia and the need for daily dosing of tolvaptan and the monitoring of serum sodium levels to avoid rapid overcorrection which can result in osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS).

/pdf/unpredictable-nature-of-tolvaptan-in-treatment-of-2kbs7az03f.pdf

Unpredictable nature of tolvaptan in treatment of hypervolemic hyponatremia: case review on role of vaptans.

Superior vena cava and right atrium wall infective endocarditis in patients receiving hemodialysis

https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(96)90496-5/pdf

Sheldon Greenberg

Papers

Impact of reintervention for failing upper-extremity arteriovenous autogenous access for hemodialysis.

The Value and Limitations of the Arm Cephalic and Basilic Vein for Arteriovenous Access

Unpredictable nature of tolvaptan in treatment of hypervolemic hyponatremia: case review on role of vaptans.

Superior vena cava and right atrium wall infective endocarditis in patients receiving hemodialysis

Hemodynamic effects of peritoneovenous shunts in hemodialysis patients with ascites