Evolution of Nervous Control from Primitive Organisms to Man A Symposium organized by the Section on Medical Sciences of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and presented at the New York Meeting on December 29–30, 1956. Edited by Allan D. Bass. Pp. vii + 231. (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science; London: Bailey Bros. and Swinfen, Ltd., 1959.) 52s.

The Central Nervous System

BACKGROUND: Treatment of cancer is increasingly more effective but is associated with short and long term side effects. Oral side effects remain a major source of illness despite the use of a variety of agents to prevent them. One of these side effects is oral mucositis (mouth ulcers). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic agents for oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment, compared with other potentially active interventions, placebo or no treatment. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches of Cochrane Oral Health Group and PaPaS Trials Registers (to 16 February 2011), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 1), MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 16 February 2011), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 16 February 2011), CINAHL via EBSCO (1980 to 16 February 2011), CANCERLIT via PubMed (1950 to 16 February 2011), OpenSIGLE (1980 to 2005) and LILACS via the Virtual Health Library (1980 to 16 February 2011) were undertaken. Reference lists from relevant articles were searched and the authors of eligible trials were contacted to identify trials and obtain additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of interventions to prevent oral mucositis in patients receiving treatment for cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information regarding methods, participants, interventions, outcome measures, results and risk of bias were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two review authors. Authors were contacted for further details where these were unclear. The Cochrane Collaboration statistical guidelines were followed and risk ratios calculated using random-effects models. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 131 studies with 10,514 randomised participants are now included. Overall only 8% of these studies were assessed as being at low risk of bias. Ten interventions, where there was more than one trial in the meta-analysis, showed some statistically significant evidence of a benefit (albeit sometimes weak) for either preventing or reducing the severity of mucositis, compared to either a placebo or no treatment. These ten interventions were: aloe vera, amifostine, cryotherapy, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), intravenous glutamine, honey, keratinocyte growth factor, laser, polymixin/tobramycin/amphotericin (PTA) antibiotic pastille/paste and sucralfate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Ten interventions were found to have some benefit with regard to preventing or reducing the severity of mucositis associated with cancer treatment. The strength of the evidence was variable and implications for practice include consideration that benefits may be specific for certain cancer types and treatment. There is a need for further well designed, and conducted trials with sufficient numbers of participants to perform subgroup analyses by type of disease and chemotherapeutic agent.

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Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment.

"Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck, Third Edition " is a complete stand-alone reference dealing with head and neck pathology. Providing an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of head and neck diseases, and covering all aspects of general pathology - this is the reference of choice for head and neck pathologists, head and neck surgeons and pathologists promoting clear communication between pathologists and surgeons. With over 1200 photographs, micrographs, drawings, and tables - over 200 more illustrations than the second edition - head and neck pathologists, head and neck surgeons, otolaryngologists and pathologists will find this updated bestseller a valid reference for any practice. Unparalleled in scope and content than any other book available on the subject, "Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck, Third Edition" is a must-have resource for oral, surgical, and general pathologists; otolaryngologists; oral, maxillofacial, plastic, reconstructive, general, head, neck, and orthopedic surgeons; and neurosurgeons, oncologists, hematologists, ophthalmologists, radiologists, endocrinologists, dermatologists, dentists, and residents and fellows in these disciplines.

Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck

CBCT is a widely applied imaging modality in dentistry. It enables the visualization of high-contrast structures of the oral region (bone, teeth, air cavities) at a high resolution. CBCT is now commonly used for the assessment of bone quality, primarily for pre-operative implant planning. Traditionally, bone quality parameters and classifications were primarily based on bone density, which could be estimated through the use of Hounsfield units derived from multidetector CT (MDCT) data sets. However, there are crucial differences between MDCT and CBCT, which complicates the use of quantitative gray values (GVs) for the latter. From experimental as well as clinical research, it can be seen that great variability of GVs can exist on CBCT images owing to various reasons that are inherently associated with this technique (i.e. the limited field size, relatively high amount of scattered radiation and limitations of currently applied reconstruction algorithms). Although attempts have been made to correct for GV variability, it can be postulated that the quantitative use of GVs in CBCT should be generally avoided at this time. In addition, recent research and clinical findings have shifted the paradigm of bone quality from a density-based analysis to a structural evaluation of the bone. The ever-improving image quality of CBCT allows it to display trabecular bone patterns, indicating that it may be possible to apply structural analysis methods that are commonly used in micro-CT and histology.

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CBCT-based bone quality assessment: are Hounsfield units applicable?

Reliability and accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography dental measurements

Ossifying fibroma vs fibrous dysplasia of the jaw: molecular and immunological characterization.

Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for evaluation of TMJ disc position, it is sometimes difficult to determine when it is displaced or reduced. The MR images of 273 Patients with a clinical diagnosis of TMJ disorders were assessed for disc position and configuration. Most (90-97%) of the slightly anteriorly displaced discs were reduced to the normal position in the open-mouth position. However, the greater part (76%) of the distorted discs was completely displaced anteriorly and without reduction. Since no distorted discs were found in the normal disc position, we conclude that discs are distorted after displacement.

Magnetic resonance evaluation of the temporomandibular joint disc position and configuration.

Objective: To examine if there was any correlation between the labio-lingual inclinations of the mandibular central incisor and the associated alveolar bone, and to investigate the labio-l...

Spatial Relationships between the Mandibular Central Incisor and Associated Alveolar Bone in Adults with Mandibular Prognathism

Objective. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between histopathologic and radiographic findings and to discuss the cause of the simple bone cyst. Study design. Histopathologically, we classified 53 simple bone cysts into two types. Type A has a connective tissue membrane and type B has a partially thickened wall with dysplastic bone formation. Radiographically, we evaluated the following: margin, radiolucency, or radiopacity, relationship with tooth apices, bucco-lingual bone expansion, and displacement of the mandibular canal. Results. Bone expansion and radiopacity were closely related to histopathologic findings although there was no correlation between the histopathologic findings and radiographic margin, relationship with tooth apices, and displacement of mandibular canal. Local recurrence was more likely to be observed in patients diagnosed as having type B than type A lesions. Conclusions. Type A and type B bone cysts may have different causes. Cysts determined radiographically to be radiopaque, those diagnosed as type B histopathologically, and cysts that have been treated surgically should all be followed by radiographic examinations.

Histopathologic and radiographic findings of the simple bone cyst

To quantitatively compare the streak artifacts produced by dental metals in a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) device and a multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) scanner in relation to metal types and imaging parameters. Cubes of aluminum, titanium, cobalt–chromium alloy, and type IV gold alloy were scanned with CBCT and MDCT scanners at tube voltages of 80 and 100 peak kV (kVp), and currents of 100 and 170 mAs by MDCT, and 102 and 170 mAs by CBCT. Artifact areas were quantified using ImageJ software. Artifact areas for the same metals and imaging parameters were smaller with CBCT than with MDCT under most conditions. Type IV gold alloy caused the largest artifact areas, followed by cobalt–chromium alloy, titanium, and aluminum, respectively. Higher tube voltage was associated with smaller artifact areas under most conditions, whereas increasing tube current had no consistent effect on artifact area using either CT device. CBCT was associated with smaller artifact areas than MDCT for the same parameters. Type IV gold alloy produced the largest artifact areas among the tested metals, but metallic artifacts could be reduced by increasing the tube voltage.

Shumei Murakami

Papers

Ossifying fibroma vs fibrous dysplasia of the jaw: molecular and immunological characterization.

Magnetic resonance evaluation of the temporomandibular joint disc position and configuration.

Spatial Relationships between the Mandibular Central Incisor and Associated Alveolar Bone in Adults with Mandibular Prognathism

Histopathologic and radiographic findings of the simple bone cyst

Quantitative analysis of metallic artifacts caused by dental metals: comparison of cone-beam and multi-detector row CT scanners