Indoor positioning systems (IPS) use sensors and communication technologies to locate objects in indoor environments. IPS are attracting scientific and enterprise interest because there is a big market opportunity for applying these technologies. There are many previous surveys on indoor positioning systems; however, most of them lack a solid classification scheme that would structurally map a wide field such as IPS, or omit several key technologies or have a limited perspective; finally, surveys rapidly become obsolete in an area as dynamic as IPS. The goal of this paper is to provide a technological perspective of indoor positioning systems, comprising a wide range of technologies and approaches. Further, we classify the existing approaches in a structure in order to guide the review and discussion of the different approaches. Finally, we present a comparison of indoor positioning approaches and present the evolution and trends that we foresee.

/pdf/evolution-of-indoor-positioning-technologies-a-survey-4wowbzt805.pdf

Evolution of Indoor Positioning Technologies: A Survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) distribute hundreds to thousands of inexpensive micro-sensor nodes in their regions, and these nodes are important parts of Internet of Things (IoT). In WSN-assisted IoT, the nodes are resource constrained in many ways, such as storage resources, computing resources, energy resources, and so on. Robust routing protocols are required to maintain a long network lifetime and achieve higher energy utilization. In this paper, we propose a new energy-efficient centroid-based routing protocol (EECRP) for WSN-assisted IoT to improve the performance of the network. The proposed EECRP includes three key parts: a new distributed cluster formation technique that enables the self-organization of local nodes, a new series of algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating the cluster head based on the centroid position to evenly distribute the energy load among all sensor nodes, and a new mechanism to reduce the energy consumption for long-distance communications. In particular, the residual energy of nodes is considered in EECRP for calculating the centroid′s position. Our simulation results indicate that EECRP performs better than LEACH, LEACH-C, and GEEC. In addition, EECRP is suitable for networks that require a long lifetime and whose base station (BS) is located in the network.

An Efficient Centroid-Based Routing Protocol for Energy Management in WSN-Assisted IoT

This paper describes the TELIAMADE system, a new indoor positioning system based on time-of-flight (TOF) of ultrasonic signal to estimate the distance between a receiver node and a transmitter node. TELIAMADE system consists of a set of wireless nodes equipped with a radio module for communication and a module for the transmission and reception of ultrasound. The access to the ultrasonic channel is managed by applying a synchronization algorithm based on a time-division multiplexing (TDMA) scheme. The ultrasonic signal is transmitted using a carrier frequency of 40 kHz and the TOF measurement is estimated by applying a quadrature detector to the signal obtained at the A/D converter output. Low sampling frequencies of 17.78 kHz or even 12.31 kHz are possible using quadrature sampling in order to optimize memory requirements and to reduce the computational cost in signal processing. The distance is calculated from the TOF taking into account the speed of sound. An excellent accuracy in the estimation of the TOF is achieved using parabolic interpolation to detect of maximum of the signal envelope at the matched filter output. The signal phase information is also used for enhancing the TOF measurement accuracy. Experimental results show a root mean square error (rmse) less than 2 mm and a standard deviation less than 0.3 mm for pseudorange measurements in the range of distances between 2 and 6 m. The system location accuracy is also evaluated by applying multilateration. A sub-centimeter location accuracy is achieved with an average rmse of 9.6 mm.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/3/3501/pdf

Ultrasound Indoor Positioning System Based on a Low-Power Wireless Sensor Network Providing Sub-Centimeter Accuracy

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42834-020-0047-y.pdf

A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health

Range Free Localization Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review☆

Wireless sensor networks have been deployed widely. Sensor networks involve sensor nodes which are very small in size, low in cost and have a short battery-life. One of the critical wireless sensor network applications is localisation and tracking mobile sensor nodes. ZigBee is a new emerging technology for low rate, low power and low range communication networks, which aims to provide long battery life for network devices. In this paper, we discuss various localisation and tracking techniques and categorise these techniques based on the communication between nodes in centralised and decentralised localisation systems. We propose a decentralised ZigBee-based tracking system to detect and track the location of mobile nodes indoors based on the received signal strength (RSS). The proposed tracking system is a range-free system, which does not require additional hardware, depends on a new weight function, and can be deployed wherever the node density is low. The tracking system is implemented by ZigBee sensor devices, and experiments are done to evaluate the proposed tracking system based on accuracy and communication cost.

/pdf/a-zigbee-based-mobile-tracking-system-through-wireless-4pmkeqke89.pdf

A ZigBee-based mobile tracking system through wireless sensor networks

Location tracking systems are increasingly becoming the focus of research in the field of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Received Signal Strength (RSS)-based localization systems are at the forefront of tracking research applications. Radio location fingerprinting is one of the most promising indoor positioning approaches due to its powerful in terms of accuracy and cost. However, fingerprinting systems require the collection of a large number of reference points in the tracking area to achieve reasonable localization accuracy. In this paper, we propose a fingerprinting localization approach based on a RSS technique. The proposed system does not require gathering a large number of reference points and offers good localization accuracy indoors. The implemented approach is based on dividing the tracking area into subareas and assigning a unique feature to each subarea through ranging the RSS values from different reference points. In order to test the proposed system's efficiency, a number of real experiments have been conducted using Jennic sensor nodes.

An Indoor Fingerprinting Localization Approach for ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network applications have been
deployed widely. Sensor networks involve sensor nodes which are
very small in size. They are low in cost, and have a low battery
life. Sensor nodes are capable of solving a variety of collaborative
problems, such as, monitoring and surveillance. One of the
critical components in wireless sensor networks is the localizing
tracking sensor or mobile node. In this paper we will discuss the
various location system techniques and categorize these
techniques based on the communication between nodes into
centralized and decentralized localization techniques. The
tracking techniques are categorized into four main types. Each
type will be compared and discussed in detail. We will suggest
ways of implementing the techniques and finally carry out an
evaluation.

A survey: localization and tracking mobile targets through wireless sensors network

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications it is critical to accurately determine the location of the distributed sensor nodes in order to report the data that is geographically meaningful. Since localization and tracking algorithms have been attracting research and development attention recently, a wide range of existing approaches regarding this topic have emerged. Tracking and localization algorithms have been proposed for different WSN applications including civilian, industrial and safety applications. A few research studies focused on tracking Threats through military applications, such as detecting and tracking Threats through border security area. Therefore this paper studies and investigates the existing WSN based tracking and localization algorithms and summarizes the potential requirements for localizing and tracking Threats through military applications. The existing systems are categorized and discussed. A critical analysis is found in this paper, in order to guide the developer to design and implement a WSN-based tracking system for military applications.

/pdf/a-study-on-threads-detection-and-tracking-systems-for-4uj60juck8.pdf

A Study on Threads Detection and Tracking Systems for Military Applications using WSNs

The new type of Mobile Ad hoc Network which is called Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) created a fertile environment for research. In this research, a protocol Particle Swarm Optimization Contention Based Broadcast (PCBB) is proposed, for fast andeffective dissemination of emergency messages within a geographical area to distribute the emergency message and achieve the safety system, this research will help the VANET system to achieve its safety goals in intelligent and efficient way.

Tareq Alhmiedat

Papers

A ZigBee-based mobile tracking system through wireless sensor networks

An Indoor Fingerprinting Localization Approach for ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks

A survey: localization and tracking mobile targets through wireless sensors network

A Study on Threads Detection and Tracking Systems for Military Applications using WSNs

Intelligent Emergency Message Broadcasting in VANET Using PSO