We redescribe the only previously known species of Myrsidea from bulbuls, M. pycnonoti Eichler. Sixteen new species are described; they and their type hosts are: M. phillipsi ex Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli), M. gieferi ex P. goiavier suluensis Mearns, M. kulpai ex P. flavescens Blyth, M. finlaysoni ex P. finlaysoni Strickland, M. kathleenae ex P. cafer (L.), M. warwicki ex Ixos philippinus (J. R. Forster), M. mcclurei ex Microscelis amaurotis (Temminck), M. zeylanici ex P. zeylanicus (Gmelin), M. plumosi ex P. plumosus Blyth, M. eutiloti ex P. eutilotus (Jardine and Selby), M. adamsae ex P. urostictus (Salvadori), M. ochracei ex Criniger ochraceus F. Moore, M. borbonici ex Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster), M. johnsoni ex P. atriceps (Temminck), M. palmai ex C. ochraceus, and M. claytoni ex P. eutilotus. A key is provided for the identification of these 17 species.

A new species

one of a template synthesis, may well be that a limited number of enzymes necessary for the synthesis of the DNA have to be synthesized. Once adequate amounts of these enzymes have been synthesized, DNA synthesis may then proceed without any further protein synthesis. (This amount of protein synthesis may represent a small percentage of the total protein synthesis and may not be completely inhibited by chloramphenicol.) Regardless of the interpretation of the experimental results, this book presents an excellent summary of the pertinent literature as well as uninhibited discussions by competent investigators of the type which usually do not find their way into print. The book is highly recommended, not only to investigators directly interested in the field, but also to more generally oriented graduate students and biologists who wish to be familiar with recent developments in a rapidly advancing field.

The Microbial World.

プロテク (PROduction TECHnology) 研究会

The increase in the world population has generated an important need for both quality and quantity agricultural products, which has led to a significant surge in the use of chemical pesticides to fight crop diseases. Consumers, however, have become very concerned in recent years over the side effects of chemical fungicides on human health and the environment. As a result, research into alternative solutions to protect crops has been imposed and attracted wide attention from researchers worldwide. Among these alternatives, biological controls through beneficial microorganisms have gained considerable importance, whilst several biological control agents (BCAs) have been screened, among them Bacillus, Pantoea, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Clonostachys, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and certain yeasts. At present, biopesticide products have been developed and marketed either to fight leaf diseases, root diseases, or fruit storage diseases. However, no positive correlation has been observed between the number of screened BCAs and available marketed products. Therefore, this review emphasizes the development of biofungicides products from screening to marketing and the problems that hinder their development. Finally, particular attention was given to the gaps observed in this sector and factors that hamper its development, particularly in terms of efficacy and legislation procedures.

/pdf/biological-control-of-plant-pathogens-a-global-perspective-1o14wlws.pdf

Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: A Global Perspective

Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes; RKN) are sedentary endoparasites with wide range of plant hosts. RKN negatively affect almost every crop in the world. Current management practices, though effective to some extent, are not enough to completely control the RKN. Application of certain chemicals is also being further limited in recent years due to increasing regulations and restrictions. Therefore, it is crucial to develop additional control strategies through the application of environmentally benign methods. Due to the importance of this topic, there has been much research performed around the world leading to useful outcomes and interesting findings capable of helping agriculture. Hence, it is important to have dependable resources gathering the data produced to facilitate future research. This review discusses the recent findings on the application of environmentally benign treatments to control RKN between 2015 and April 2020. A variety of biological control strategies, natural compounds, soil amendments and other emerging strategies have been included, among which, many showed promising results in RKN control in vitro and/or in vivo. The impact of biologically-based strategies on parasitic and beneficial nematodes continues to be an area of active research and new information on their efficacy will become available in the years to come. In this review, some of the mechanisms involved have been discussed and suggestions were given on maximizing the outcome of the future efforts.

/pdf/recent-advances-in-the-development-of-environmentally-benign-2wmfl5sahp.pdf

Recent Advances in the Development of Environmentally Benign Treatments to Control Root-Knot Nematodes.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a serious threat to quantitative and qualitative production of many economic crops worldwide. An average worldwide crop loss of 12.6% (equaled $215.77 billion) annually has been estimated due to these nematodes for only the top 20 life-sustaining crops. Due to the growing dissatisfaction with hazards of chemical nematicides, interest in microbial control of PPNs is increasing and biological nematicides are becoming an important component of environmentally friendly management systems. Fungal and bacterial nematicides rank high among other biocontrol agents. In order to maximize their benefits, such bio-nematicides can be included in integrated nematode management (INM) programs, and ways that make them complimentary or superior to chemical nematode management methods were highlighted. This is especially important where bio-nematicides can act synergistically or additively with other agricultural inputs in integrated pest management programs. Consolidated use of bio-nematicides and other pesticides should be practiced on a wider basis. This is especially important, since there are many bio-nematicides which are or are likely to become widely available soon. Identification of research priorities for harnessing fungal and bacterial nematicides in sustainable agriculture as well as understanding of their ecology, biology, mode of action, and interaction with other agricultural inputs is still needed. Therefore, accessible fungal and bacterial nematicides with their comprehensive references and relevant information, i.e., the active ingredient, product name, type of formulation, producer, targeted nematode species and crop, and country of origin, are summarized herein.

/pdf/fungal-and-bacterial-nematicides-in-integrated-nematode-54hodlq7oc.pdf

Fungal and bacterial nematicides in integrated nematode management strategies

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families’ Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are obligate insect parasites. Their easy multiplication, broad host range, compatibility with chemical pesticides, and ease in application has grabbed interest among research practitioners to work on these beneficial microorganisms. Till date, around 100 valid species of Steinernema and 21 species of Heterorhabditis have been identified from different countries of the world. Extensive surveys have been conducted across the globe to isolate locally adapted EPN species and exploit them to suppress soil-dwelling and foliar insect pests in agricultural fields. Most of the new species have been described from Asia, whereas research in some Asian countries are still at infancy. Some new species have been recorded from Australia but very few surveys have been conducted in New Zealand. Likewise, less information about these tiny creatures is from Central America; however, in North America many new species have been described, some of which have been commercialized for insect pest control, whereas in South America, several native nematode species have been described and exploited as biological control agents. European countries have also been explored for EPN diversity and new species have been reported, exploited under field condition, and commercialized. Many new species and other previously described species have been reported from Africa. Despite frequent surveys in different continents of the world, number of sites touched are low and, therefore, further surveys are still needed to explore untouched geographic areas and climatic conditions, both in plantations and indigenous forests with an aim to identify and exploit additional EPN species.

/pdf/global-distribution-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes-3i4w5y8hmg.pdf

Global distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis

Impact of phytonematodes on agriculture economy.

Biological control agents (BCAs) are increasingly used against various plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) pests and offer a favorable alternative to hazardous chemical nematicides. Yet, their lack of efficacy, inconsistent field performance, and/or unfavorable economic factors have generally relegated them to a relatively small sector of pesticide market. Efficacy and biocontrol success can be boosted via holistic grasping of soil biological and ecological factors. Therefore, such factors were highlighted to give better directions for their use. Main points discussed currently are considered to affect the transmission success of these BCAs so that their use must be a way forward in crop protection/pest management. These included improved sampling, grasping BCAs interactions with soil biota and ecology, cost-effective use of BCAs, genetic manipulation for better PPN control, grower acceptance and awareness-raising of BCA techniques, and commercial application.

/pdf/factors-affecting-success-of-biological-agents-used-in-386jianoqg.pdf

Factors affecting success of biological agents used in controlling the plant-parasitic nematodes

Addressing research on these two nematodes from tropical, subtropical and temperate countries, it covers the new techniques and major developments regarding mass production, formulation, application, commercialization and safety measures. Plans for future strategies to make these beneficial nematodes cost-effective and expand their use by including them in integrated pest management programmes in different agro-ecosystems are also discussed.

Tarique Hassan Askary

Papers

Fungal and bacterial nematicides in integrated nematode management strategies

Global distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis

Impact of phytonematodes on agriculture economy.

Factors affecting success of biological agents used in controlling the plant-parasitic nematodes

Biocontrol Agents: Entomopathogenic and Slug Parasitic Nematodes