Global distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis
TLDR
Despite frequent surveys in different continents of the world, number of sites touched are low and, therefore, further surveys are still needed to explore untouched geographic areas and climatic conditions, both in plantations and indigenous forests with an aim to identify and exploit additional EPN species.Abstract:
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families’ Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are obligate insect parasites. Their easy multiplication, broad host range, compatibility with chemical pesticides, and ease in application has grabbed interest among research practitioners to work on these beneficial microorganisms. Till date, around 100 valid species of Steinernema and 21 species of Heterorhabditis have been identified from different countries of the world. Extensive surveys have been conducted across the globe to isolate locally adapted EPN species and exploit them to suppress soil-dwelling and foliar insect pests in agricultural fields. Most of the new species have been described from Asia, whereas research in some Asian countries are still at infancy. Some new species have been recorded from Australia but very few surveys have been conducted in New Zealand. Likewise, less information about these tiny creatures is from Central America; however, in North America many new species have been described, some of which have been commercialized for insect pest control, whereas in South America, several native nematode species have been described and exploited as biological control agents. European countries have also been explored for EPN diversity and new species have been reported, exploited under field condition, and commercialized. Many new species and other previously described species have been reported from Africa. Despite frequent surveys in different continents of the world, number of sites touched are low and, therefore, further surveys are still needed to explore untouched geographic areas and climatic conditions, both in plantations and indigenous forests with an aim to identify and exploit additional EPN species.read more
Citations
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Susceptibility of Various Developmental Stages of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Entomopathogenic Nematodes
TL;DR: It is found that all the larval and pupal stages of fall armyworm were highly susceptible to the entomopathogenic nematodes, and seven EPNs are recommended for the biological control of S. frugiperda.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Relation to the Impact of Agriculture—A Review
TL;DR: Different facets of nematode diversity such as trophic groups, life history traits, variability in body size and/or taxa identities in combination with DNA-based techniques are needed in order to disclose nematodes–soil–ecosystem functioning relationships.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular identification, phylogeny and phylogeography of the entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976: a multigene approach
Manoj Dhakal,Khuong B. Nguyen,David J. Hunt,Ralf-Udo Ehlers,Sergei E. Spiridonov,Sergei A. Subbotin,Sergei A. Subbotin +6 more
TL;DR: Phylogenetic and sequence analysis of these genes using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and statistical parsimony confirmed a division of the genus into three clades (groups): ‘Indica’, ‘Bacteriophora’ and ‘Megidis’.
References
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Description and biology of a new insect parasitic rhabditoid, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora n.gen., n.sp. (Rhabditida; Heterorhabditidae n.fam.).
TL;DR: This new species of Rhabditoidea was recovered from Heliothis punctigera Hall (Noctuidae) at Brecon, South Australia and is the only nematode known to serve as a vector for a bacterial disease of insects.
Journal ArticleDOI
Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world
Harry K. Kaya,M.M. Aguillera,Alfred Alumai,Ho Yul Choo,Mayra de la Torre,András Fodor,Sudershan Ganguly,Selcuk Hazir,Tamás Lakatos,Albert Pye,Michael T. Wilson,Satoshi Yamanaka,Huaiwan Yang,Ralf-Udo Ehlers +13 more
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