抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Salt and drought stress signal transduction consists of ionic and osmotic homeostasis signaling pathways, detoxification (i.e., damage control and repair) response pathways, and pathways for growth regulation. The ionic aspect of salt stress is signaled via the SOS pathway where a calcium-responsive SOS3-SOS2 protein kinase complex controls the expression and activity of ion transporters such as SOS1. Osmotic stress activates several protein kinases including mitogen-activated kinases, which may mediate osmotic homeostasis and/or detoxification responses. A number of phospholipid systems are activated by osmotic stress, generating a diverse array of messenger molecules, some of which may function upstream of the osmotic stress-activated protein kinases. Abscisic acid biosynthesis is regulated by osmotic stress at multiple steps. Both ABA-dependent and -independent osmotic stress signaling first modify constitutively expressed transcription factors, leading to the expression of early response transcriptional activators, which then activate downstream stress tolerance effector genes.

/pdf/salt-and-drought-stress-signal-transduction-in-plants-4bj87ki2ww.pdf

Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants

http://biol.unt.edu/~rmittler/Papers/Reactive%20oxygen%20gene%20network%20of%20plants.pdf

Reactive oxygen gene network of plants

Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on the development of microbial resistance, in particular whether antibiotic resistance is induced by antiseptics or disinfectants Known mechanisms of microbial resistance (both intrinsic and acquired) to biocides are reviewed, with emphasis on the clinical implications of these reports

/pdf/antiseptics-and-disinfectants-activity-action-and-resistance-4s72yz0ujj.pdf

Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(02)02251-3.pdf

GATEWAY vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.

Phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) is emerging as an important signalling lipid in abiotic stress responses in plants. The effect of cold stress was monitored using 32P-labelled seedlings and leaf discs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Low, non-freezing temperatures were found to trigger a very rapid 32P-PtdOH increase, peaking within 2 and 5 min, respectively. In principle, PtdOH can be generated through three different pathways, i.e. i) via de novo phospholipid biosynthesis (through acylation of lyso-PtdOH), ii) via phospholipase D hydrolysis of structural phospholipids or iii) via phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DGK). Using a differential 32P-labelling protocol and a PLD-transphosphatidylation assay, evidence is provided that the rapid 32P-PtdOH response was primarily generated through DGK. A simultaneous decrease in the levels of 32P-PtdInsP, correlating in time, temperature dependency and magnitude with the increase in 32P-PtdOH, suggested that a PtdInsP-hydrolyzing PLC generated the DAG in this reaction. Testing T-DNA insertion lines available for the seven DGK genes, revealed no clear changes in 32P-PtdOH responses, suggesting functional redundancy. Similarly, known cold-stress mutants were analyzed to investigate whether the PtdOH response acted downstream of the respective gene products. The hos1, los1 and fry1 mutants were found to exhibit normal PtdOH responses. Slight changes were found for ice1, snow1, and the overexpression line Super-ICE1, however, this was not cold-specific and likely due to pleiotropic effects. A tentative model illustrating direct cold effects on phospholipid metabolism is presented.

/pdf/rapid-phosphatidic-acid-accumulation-in-response-to-low-3xktru1vuv.pdf

Rapid phosphatidic acid accumulation in response to low temperature stress in Arabidopsis is generated through diacylglycerol kinase

Phospholipids are emerging as novel second messengers in plant cells. They are rapidly formed in response to a variety of stimuli via the activation of lipid kinases or phospholipases. These lipid signals can activate enzymes or recruit proteins to membranes via distinct lipid-binding domains, where the local increase in concentration promotes interactions and downstream signaling. Here, the latest developments in phospholipid-based signaling are discussed, including the lipid kinases and phospholipases that are activated, the signals they produce, the domains that bind them, the downstream targets that contain them and the processes they control.

Phospholipid-based signaling in plants

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(05)00146-9.pdf

Phosphatidic acid: a multifunctional stress signaling lipid in plants.

Phospholipid signalling in plants

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(01)01918-5.pdf

Teun Munnik

Papers

Rapid phosphatidic acid accumulation in response to low temperature stress in Arabidopsis is generated through diacylglycerol kinase

Phospholipid-based signaling in plants

Phosphatidic acid: a multifunctional stress signaling lipid in plants.

Phospholipid signalling in plants

Phosphatidic acid: an emerging plant lipid second messenger