THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases in recent decades has posed a serious threat to public health. Routes of transmission differ, but the respiratory droplet or airborne route has the greatest potential to disrupt social intercourse, while being amenable to prevention by the humble face mask. Different types of masks give different levels of protection to the user. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has even resulted in a global shortage of face masks and the raw materials that go into them, driving individuals to self-produce masks from household items. At the same time, research has been accelerated towards improving the quality and performance of face masks, e.g., by introducing properties such as antimicrobial activity and superhydrophobicity. This review will cover mask-wearing from the public health perspective, the technical details of commercial and home-made masks, and recent advances in mask engineering, disinfection, and materials and discuss the sustainability of mask-wearing and mask production into the future.

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Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal: Materials, Testing, and Perspectives.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical to protect healthcare workers (HCWs) from highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, hospitals have been at risk of running out of the safe and effective PPE including personal protective clothing needed to treat patients with COVID-19, due to unprecedented global demand. In addition, there are only limited manufacturing facilities of such clothing available worldwide, due to a lack of available knowledge about relevant technologies, ineffective supply chains, and stringent regulatory requirements. Therefore, there remains a clear unmet need for coordinating the actions and efforts from scientists, engineers, manufacturers, suppliers, and regulatory bodies to develop and produce safe and effective protective clothing using the technologies that are locally available around the world. In this review, we discuss currently used PPE, their quality, and the associated regulatory standards. We survey the current state-of-the-art antimicrobial functional finishes on fabrics to protect the wearer against viruses and bacteria and provide an overview of protective medical fabric manufacturing techniques, their supply chains, and the environmental impacts of current single-use synthetic fiber-based protective clothing. Finally, we discuss future research directions, which include increasing efficiency, safety, and availability of personal protective clothing worldwide without conferring environmental problems.

Sustainable Personal Protective Clothing for Healthcare Applications: A Review.

Part I Introduction.- Electrospun nanofibers: Solving global issues.- Part II Electrospun nanofibers for energy applications.- Electrospun Nanofibers for Design and Fabrication of Electrocatalysts and Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel cells.- Applications of Electrospinning in Design and Fabrication of Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries.- Electrospun Fibrous Membranes as Separators of Lithium-Ion Batteries.- Electrospun oxide nanofibers for dye-sensitized solar cells.- Application of Electrospun Nanofibers in Organic Photovoltaics.- Application of Nanofibers in Super Capacitors.- Applications of Bulk and Nanostructured Polyaniline in Hydrogen Storage.- Electrospinning of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage.- Electrospun Nanofibrous Sorbents and Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Capture.- Part III Electrospun nanofibers for environmental applications.- Electrospun Nanofiber-based Sensors.- Electrospun Nanofibers for Air Filtration.- Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Liquid Filtration.- Protective Clothing Based on Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes.- Electrospun Nanofiber-based Photocatalysts.- Multicomponent nanofibers via electrospinning of polymers and colloidal dispersions for environmental and optical applications.- Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers in Oil Spill Clean-Up.- Electrospun Superhydrophobic Self-cleaning Materials.- Adsorbents Based on Electrospun nanofibers.- Application of Electrospun Nanofibers in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

Electrospun nanofibers for energy and environmental applications

Superhydrophobic waterproof-breathable membranes have attracted considerable interest owing to their multifunctional applications in self-cleaning, anti-icing, anticorrosion, outdoor tents, and protective clothing. Despite the researches pertaning to the construction of superhydrophobic functional membranes by nanoparticle finishing have increased drastically, the disconnected particle component is easy to fall off from the membranes under deformation and wear conditions, which has restricted their wide use in practice. Here, robust superhydrophobic microporous membranes were prepared via a facile and environmentally friendly strategy by dip-coating amino-silicone oil (ASO) onto the electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes, followed by SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) blade coating. Compared with hydrophilic PAN membranes, the modified membranes exhibited superhydrophobic surface with an advancing water contact angle up to 156°, after introducing ASO as low surface energy substance and SiO2 NPs as fille...

Robust Fluorine-Free Superhydrophobic Amino-Silicone Oil/SiO2 Modification of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Membranes for Waterproof-Breathable Application.

This paper describes basic principles and techniques involved in designing waterproof breathability fabrics. Breathable fabrics are available in a large variety, which can be categorized as — close...

A Review on Designing the Waterproof Breathable Fabrics Part I: Fundamental Principles and Designing Aspects of Breathable Fabrics:

This article describes engineering design of waterproof breathability fabrics specifically designed for leisure, medial uses and survival clothing. In many applications, breathable fabrics not only...

A Review on Designing the Waterproof Breathable Fabrics Part II: Construction and Suitability of Breathable Fabrics for Different Uses:

A lockstitch is formed by the interlacement of needle and bobbin threads. During high-speed sewing, needle thread is subjected to repeated tensile stresses, heat, bending, pressure, torsion, and wearing. Therefore, the mechanical properties of thread, which become altered during sewing, are very important for its performance and durability. In order to design a sewing machine and threads for maximum strength retention, it is important to understand how the mechanical properties of the thread change as it progresses through the machine and become incorporated into the seam. In this paper, the tensile properties of the needle thread are measured at four sewing stages: before sewing, after dynamic loading at the tension regulator, after passage through the needle and fabric, and after bobbin thread interaction. Mercerized cotton, polyester staple spun, polyester—cotton core spun, and polyester—polyester core spun threads are used and the contribution of dynamic loading, passage through the needle and fabric,...

Studies on the Changes in Tensile Properties of Sewing Thread at Different Sewing Stages

Bulk and physica l properti es of need le-punched nonwoven fabri c depend on the nature of component fibre, the manner in whi ch the fibres arc arranged in the struc ture and the degree of co nsolidation . A proper understanding of th.:. role of differe nt parameters on fabr ic properties is important l'o r des igning the fabric sui table for its use. Normall y, the longer and finer fibre in the web leads to greater fabri c strength , prov ided the fibre brea kage is contro lled. The increase in needle density and penetrat ion improves the fibre conso lidation. but beyond a certain limit the fibre damage becomes greater, leading to deteriorati on in fabric characteri stics. Highcr fab ri c weig ilt and introduc ti on of scrim generall y improve the functi onal propeni es of fabri c. Fin ishing operation is opted in the cases where some spec ial requirements are to be fulfi lled. Thi s paper is intended to develop some understandi ng about thc bu lk and phys ical propert ies in relation to raw material, machine parameters and process va riables.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/24681/1/IJFTR%2030%282%29%20218-229.pdf

Bulk and physical properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics

Polypropylene spunbond, spunbond/meltblown/spunbond, and spunlace fabrics of 35 and 50 g/m2 weight are tested for barrier properties against microorganisms and liquid or body fluids to estimate the...

Vinay Kumar Midha

Papers

A Review on Designing the Waterproof Breathable Fabrics Part I: Fundamental Principles and Designing Aspects of Breathable Fabrics:

A Review on Designing the Waterproof Breathable Fabrics Part II: Construction and Suitability of Breathable Fabrics for Different Uses:

Studies on the Changes in Tensile Properties of Sewing Thread at Different Sewing Stages

Bulk and physical properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics

Studies on the properties of nonwoven surgical gowns