A micro electromagnetic generator for vibration energy harvesting
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Citations
Energy Harvesting From Human and Machine Motion for Wireless Electronic Devices
Powering MEMS portable devices—a review of non-regenerative and regenerative power supply systems with special emphasis on piezoelectric energy harvesting systems
Nanoscale Triboelectric-Effect-Enabled Energy Conversion for Sustainably Powering Portable Electronics
Toward large-scale energy harvesting by a nanoparticle-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator.
Piezomagnetoelastic structure for broadband vibration energy harvesting
References
Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications
A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes
A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics
MEMS power generator with transverse mode thin film PZT
On energy harvesting from ambient vibration
Related Papers (5)
Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications
A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes
Frequently Asked Questions (22)
Q2. What is the common method of conversion of electrical energy into electrical energy?
Kinetic energy is typically converted into electrical energy using electromagnetic, piezoelectric or electrostatic transduction mechanisms [3].
Q3. What are the main reasons why batteries are required for wireless sensor systems?
Despite measures such as low power techniques for communicating (e.g. IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee protocols) and the intelligent management of the sensor node’s power consumption, batteries will still require periodical replacement.
Q4. What is the purpose of the generators described in this paper?
(10)The intended application for the generators described in this paper is an air compressor unit supplying several laboratories within a building.
Q5. What is the energy amount of the generator generated by this approach?
The amount of energy generated by this approach fundamentally depends upon the quantity and form of the kinetic energy available in the application environment and the efficiency of the generator and the power conversion electronics.
Q6. What is the simplest way to characterize a generator?
The system is controlled by LabView software which allows the user to program long sequences of tests to automatically characterize each generator over a range of acceleration levels, load resistances and frequencies.
Q7. What are the advantages of wireless sensors?
Wireless sensor systems are receiving increasing interest since they offer flexibility, ease of implementation and the ability to retrofit systems without the cost and inconvenience of cabling.
Q8. What is the fill factor for coils A, B and C?
The coil fill factor, F, the ratio of the volume of conductor to the volume of the coil, is given by equation (11):F = Lwφ 2 4 ( R2o − R2i ) t . (11)This gives coil fill factors of 0.67 for coil A, 0.45 for coil B and 0.53 for coil C.
Q9. What is the material used for the base?
The base is machined from Tecatron GF40, a 40% glass fibre reinforced semi-crystalline high performance plastic using a Daytron micro-mill.
Q10. How was the optimum load resistance determined?
The optimum load resistance was determined by measuring the power output at resonance over a wide range of resistance values, the optimum being 150 .
Q11. Why is the QO/C generator more sensitive to the electromagnetic field?
This is due to improvements in the assembly of the device, in particular the clamping and alignment of the beam, which leads to reduced energy parasitic damping and an increased open circuit Q-factor.
Q12. Why was the generator used to evaluate the optimum magnet size with the theory?
Given the nonlinear behaviour of the high-Q generators, the generator used to evaluate the optimum magnet size (describedin section 6.1, peak power 17.8 µW at 56.6 Hz) was compared with the theory.
Q13. What is the voltage output for the increased magnet?
The predicted voltage output for the increased magnet was 165 mVpk output compared to 64 mVpk for the 1 × 1 × 1.5 mm3 size magnets (see figure 7).
Q14. How much power is generated by the optimized magnets?
The peak output voltage increases from 39 mVrms with the original magnets to 88 mVrms with the optimized magnet configuration, an increase of 225%.
Q15. What is the output voltage for the coils?
As expected, the output voltage increases with increasing number of turns with 95, 151 and 428 mVrms being generated from the 600, 1200 and 2300 turn coils respectively.
Q16. Why does the generator have a parasitic damping effect?
This behaviour could be due to the magnets extending beyond the influence of the coil at the higher amplitudes which, even when open circuit, produces a damping effect.
Q17. What is the relationship between QT and the electrical and parasitic damping factors?
(4)The relationship between QT and the electrical and parasitic damping factors is given by equation (5) where QOC is the open circuit Q-factor, i.e. 1/2ξP, and QE is equal to 1/2ξE.1 QT = 1 QOC + 1 QE .
Q18. Why did the generators show nonlinear behaviour at low acceleration levels?
The high QO/C means these generators demonstrated nonlinear behaviour at very low acceleration levels (<3 mg) and the Q-factor cannot be determined from a frequency amplitude plot such as that shown in figure 12.
Q19. How does the power output of the generator compare to the predicted power levels?
This shows excellent agreement between measured and predicted power levels and demonstrates that the cantilever microgenerator is converting 30% of the total power dissipated in the generator to electrical power delivered to the load.
Q20. What is the importance of reducing coil resistance and increasing load resistance?
Equation (9) highlights the importance of reducing coil resistance and increasing load resistance as long as the optimum damping condition is maintained.
Q21. What is the average power dissipated within the damper?
The average power dissipated within the damper (i.e. the power extracted by the transduction mechanism and the power lost through parasitic damping mechanisms) is given by:Pav = mξT Y2 (ω ωn )3 ω3[1 − ( ω ωn )2]2 + [ 2ξT ( ω ωn )]2 (1) where ξT is the total damping ratio given by ξT = cT /2mωn.
Q22. How many ms2 of acceleration are used in the equations?
The predicted power outputs from the theoretical equations and the measured output from the generatorhave been plotted versus acceleration up to 0.29 m s−2 in figure 14.