Analyzing social experiments as implemented: A reexamination of the evidence from the HighScope Perry Preschool Program
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
In this article, the authors developed tools for analyzing data from social experiments as they are actually implemented, and applied these tools to analyze the influential HighScope Perry Preschool Program, a social experiment that provided preschool education and home visits to disadvantaged children during their preschool years.Abstract:
Social experiments are powerful sources of information about the effectiveness of interventions. In practice, initial randomization plans are almost always compromised. Multiple hypotheses are frequently tested. “Significant” effects are often reported with p-values that do not account for preliminary screening from a large candidate pool of possible effects. This paper develops tools for analyzing data from experiments as they are actually implemented.
We apply these tools to analyze the influential HighScope Perry Preschool Program. The Perry program was a social experiment that provided preschool education and home visits to disadvantaged children during their preschool years. It was evaluated by the method of random assignment. Both treatments and controls have been followed from age 3 through age 40.
Previous analyses of the Perry data assume that the planned randomization protocol was implemented. In fact, as in many social experiments, the intended randomization protocol was compromised. Accounting for compromised randomization, multiple-hypothesis testing, and small sample sizes, we find statistically significant and economically important program effects for both males and females. We also examine the representativeness of the Perry study.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment
TL;DR: It is found that moving to a lower-poverty neighborhood when young (before age 13) increases college attendance and earnings and reduces single parenthood rates, and moving as an adolescent has slightly negative impacts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hard evidence on soft skills
James J. Heckman,Tim Kautz +1 more
TL;DR: The larger message of this paper is that soft skills predict success in life, that they causally produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Understanding the Mechanisms through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes
TL;DR: The authors used longitudinal data on cognitive and personality traits from an experimental evaluation of the influential Perry Preschool program to analyze the channels through which the program boosted both male and female participant outcomes.
Journal ArticleDOI
GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment
Cornelius A. Rietveld,Sarah E. Medland,Jaime Derringer,Jian Yang,Tõnu Esko,Nicolas W. Martin,Nicolas W. Martin,Harm-Jan Westra,Konstantin Shakhbazov,Abdel Abdellaoui,Arpana Agrawal,Eva Albrecht,Behrooz Z. Alizadeh,Najaf Amin,John Barnard,Sebastian E. Baumeister,Kelly S. Benke,Lawrence F. Bielak,Jeffrey A. Boatman,Patricia A. Boyle,Gail Davies,Christiaan de Leeuw,Niina Eklund,Niina Eklund,Daniel S. Evans,Rudolf Ferhmann,Krista Fischer,Christian Gieger,Håkon K. Gjessing,Sara Hägg,Sara Hägg,Jennifer R. Harris,Caroline Hayward,Christina Holzapfel,Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas,Erik Ingelsson,Erik Ingelsson,Bo Jacobsson,Bo Jacobsson,Peter K. Joshi,Astanand Jugessur,Marika Kaakinen,Stavroula Kanoni,Juha Karjalainen,Ivana Kolcic,Kati Kristiansson,Kati Kristiansson,Zoltán Kutalik,Zoltán Kutalik,Jari Lahti,Sang Hong Lee,Peng Lin,Penelope A. Lind,Yongmei Liu,Kurt Lohman,Marisa Loitfelder,George McMahon,Pedro Marques Vidal,Osorio Meirelles,Lili Milani,Ronny Myhre,Marja-Liisa Nuotio,Marja-Liisa Nuotio,Christopher Oldmeadow,Katja Petrovic,Wouter J. Peyrot,Ozren Polasek,Lydia Quaye,Eva Reinmaa,John P. Rice,Thais S. Rizzi,Helena Schmidt,Reinhold Schmidt,Albert V. Smith,Jennifer A. Smith,Toshiko Tanaka,Antonio Terracciano,Antonio Terracciano,Matthijs J. H. M. van der Loos,Veronique Vitart,Henry Völzke,Jürgen Wellmann,Lei Yu,Wei Zhao,Jüri Allik,John Attia,Stefania Bandinelli,François Bastardot,Jonathan P. Beauchamp,David A. Bennett,Klaus Berger,Laura J. Bierut,Dorret I. Boomsma,Ute Bültmann,Harry Campbell,Christopher F. Chabris,Lynn Cherkas,Mina K. Chung,Francesco Cucca,Francesco Cucca,Mariza de Andrade,Philip L. De Jager,Jan-Emmanuel De Neve,Jan-Emmanuel De Neve,Ian J. Deary,George Dedoussis,Panos Deloukas,Maria Dimitriou,Guoný Eiríksdóttir,Martin F. Elderson,Johan G. Eriksson,David M. Evans,Jessica D. Faul,Luigi Ferrucci,Melissa E. Garcia,Henrik Grönberg,Vilmundur Guonason,Per Hall,Juliette Harris,Tamara B. Harris,Nicholas D. Hastie,Andrew C. Heath,Dena G. Hernandez,Wolfgang Hoffmann,Adriaan Hofman,Rolf Holle,Elizabeth G. Holliday,Jouke-Jan Hottenga,William G. Iacono,Thomas Illig,Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,Mika Kähönen,Jaakko Kaprio,Jaakko Kaprio,Robert M. Kirkpatrick,Matthew Kowgier,Antti Latvala,Antti Latvala,Lenore J. Launer,Debbie A Lawlor,Terho Lehtimäki,Jingmei Li,Paul Lichtenstein,Peter Lichtner,David C. Liewald,Pamela A. F. Madden,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Tomi E. Mäkinen,Marco Masala,Matt McGue,Andres Metspalu,Andreas Mielck,Michael B. Miller,Grant W. Montgomery,Sutapa Mukherjee,Sutapa Mukherjee,Dale R. Nyholt,Ben A. Oostra,Lyle J. Palmer,Aarno Palotie,Aarno Palotie,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Markus Perola,Markus Perola,Markus Perola,Patricia A. Peyser,Martin Preisig,Katri Räikkönen,Olli T. Raitakari,Anu Realo,Susan M. Ring,Samuli Ripatti,Samuli Ripatti,Samuli Ripatti,Fernando Rivadeneira,Igor Rudan,Aldo Rustichini,Veikko Salomaa,Antti-Pekka Sarin,David Schlessinger,Rodney J. Scott,Harold Snieder,Beate St Pourcain,John M. Starr,Jae Hoon Sul,Ida Surakka,Ida Surakka,Rauli Svento,Alexander Teumer,Henning Tiemeier,Frank J. A. van Rooij,David R. Van Wagoner,Erkki Vartiainen,Jorma Viikari,Peter Vollenweider,Judith M. Vonk,Gérard Waeber,David R. Weir,H.-Erich Wichmann,Elisabeth Widen,Gonneke Willemsen,James F. Wilson,Alan F. Wright,Dalton Conley,George Davey-Smith,Lude Franke,Patrick J. F. Groenen,Albert Hofman,Magnus Johannesson,Sharon L.R. Kardia,Robert F. Krueger,David Laibson,Nicholas G. Martin,Michelle N. Meyer,Michelle N. Meyer,Danielle Posthuma,Danielle Posthuma,Roy Thurik,Nicholas J. Timpson,André G. Uitterlinden,Cornelia M. van Duijn,Cornelia M. van Duijn,Peter M. Visscher,Peter M. Visscher,Daniel J. Benjamin,David Cesarini,David Cesarini,David Cesarini,Philipp Koellinger +230 more
TL;DR: In this article, a genome-wide association study of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490 individuals, and three independent SNPs are genome wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266).
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood
TL;DR: In this paper, a lack of evidence on whether teachers' impacts on students' test scores (value-added) is a good measure of their quality has been raised, and the question has sparked debate partly because of a lack-of-evidence on whether high value-ad...
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing
Yoav Benjamini,Yosef Hochberg +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a different approach to problems of multiple significance testing is presented, which calls for controlling the expected proportion of falsely rejected hypotheses -the false discovery rate, which is equivalent to the FWER when all hypotheses are true but is smaller otherwise.
Journal ArticleDOI
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
TL;DR: The authors discusses the central role of propensity scores and balancing scores in the analysis of observational studies and shows that adjustment for the scalar propensity score is sufficient to remove bias due to all observed covariates.
Journal ArticleDOI
The bell curve : intelligence and class structure in American life
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the evolution of cognitive class and education in the United States and the role of race and ethnicity in cognitive ability in the development of cognitive ability and the level of American education.
Book ChapterDOI
The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the impacts of active labor market policies, such as job training, job search assistance, and job subsidies, and the methods used to evaluate their effectiveness.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adaptive linear step-up procedures that control the false discovery rate
TL;DR: In this article, a two-stage adaptive procedure is proposed to control the false discovery rate at the desired level q. This framework enables us to study analytically the properties of other procedures that exist in the literature.