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Journal ArticleDOI

In vitro gas production: a technique revisited

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TLDR
In this article, the stochastic relationship between gas volumes and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production has been exemplified for an in vitro gas test based on the bicarbonate buffer.
Abstract
Summary The stoichiometrical relationship between gas volumes and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production has been exemplified for an in vitro gas test based on the bicarbonate buffer. It is outlined that, even though variation in the molar proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate will influence gas volumes, quite similar amounts of total carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are required for widely different SCFA patterns (0.748: 0.194: 0.058 or 0.459: 0.462: 0.079 for C2: C3: C4), namely, 2.20–2.34 mg to produce 1 ml of gas. However, the variation in microbial biomass production per mole adenosine triphosphate (ATP) presents a serious limitation for in vitro gas tests, since these tests reflect SCFA production only. As a consequence in vitro gas tests need to be complemented by a quantification of substrate concomitantly truly degraded to avoid selection of a substrate with proportionally higher SCFA production and lower microbial biomass yield. This intrinsic problem of in vitro gas tests was experimentally demonstrated for 61 roughages, where a gravimetric determination of microbial biomass yield showed a highly significant (r = −0.78, p < 0.0001) negative relationship between microbial biomass and gas volumes in vitro when both were related to 100 mg of substrates truly degraded. The relationship was further examined for 35 roughages, being representative of the 61 samples, using incubations with stable isotopie nitrogen (15N). In these studies, 15N incorporation and gas production were significantly (r = −0.78, p < 0.001) inversely related. An in vitro method is proposed which combines gas volume and substrate degradability measurements to estimate microbial yield and these estimations agreed well (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001) with 15N measurements. Zusammenfassung Die stochiometrischen Zusammenhange von Gas -und kurzkettiger Fettsauren - Produktion im Bikarbonat gepufferten in vitro Gastest wurden exemplarisch dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, das unterschiedliche molare Anteile von Essig -, Propion - und Buttersaure zwar Auswirkungen auf das Gasvolumen haben, die Masse an Kohlen-, Wasser-und Sauerstoff, die fur 1 ml Gas notig ist, jedoch fur unterschiedliche molare Fettsaurenzusammensetzung (0.748: 0.194: 0.058 oder 0.459: 0.462: 0.079 fur C2: C3: C4) mit 2.20 bis 2.34 mg sehr ahnlich ist. Unterschiedliche mikrobielle Biomasse-Bildung per mol Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) begrenzt jedoch die Aussagefahigkeit des Gastests, da dieser nur die Bildung von kurzkettigen Fettsauren reflektiert. In vitro Gastests bedurfen der begleitenden Quantifizierung der Menge an wahr abgebauter Substanz, um die Selektion von Substraten zu vermeiden, die eine proportional hohe kurzkettige Fettsauren-Produktion aber niedrigere mikrobielle Biomasse-Bildung aufweisen. Diese Beziehung wurde experimentell fur 61 Rauhfuttermittel aufgezeigt. Die gravimetrisch bestimmte mikrobielle Biomasse zeigt, bezogen auf 100 mg wahr abgebaute Substanz, eine hoch negative Beziehung (r = −0.78, p < 0.0001) zwischen diesem Parameter und dem Gasvolumen. Diese Beziehung wurde mit 35 (von den 61) representativen Rauhfuttermittel, unter Anwendung von stabilen Stickstoff - Isotopen (15N) uberpruft. Die Untersuchungen zeigten eine signifikante (r = −0.78, p < 0.001) negative Beziehung zwischen 15N Anreicherung und Gasvolumen. Es wird eine in vitro Methode vorgeschlagen, die Messungen von Gasvolumen und Substratabbau vereint und die es ermoglicht, die mikrobielle Biomasse abzuschatzen. Diese Schatzungen wiesen eine gute Ubereinstimmung (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001) mit 15N Bestimmungen auf.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

A semi-automated in vitro gas production technique for ruminant feedstuff evaluation

TL;DR: The Reading Pressure Technique (RPT) as discussed by the authors is a semi-automated gas production technique based on a pressure transducer interfaced with a PC that allows accumulated head-space gas pressure values to be directly entered into a spreadsheet.
Journal ArticleDOI

In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review

TL;DR: A review of the available in vitro gas measuring techniques used for feed evaluation with emphasis on assessing their relative advantages and disadvantages is given in this article, where the authors highlight the potential of gas techniques for tackling some interesting areas of research.
Journal ArticleDOI

Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production

TL;DR: The stoichiometric relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of tannin-containing browses in buffered rumen fluid and calculated from short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was investigated in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI

Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes.

TL;DR: The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins, which is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components.
Journal ArticleDOI

In vitro screening of the potential of numerous plant species as antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants

TL;DR: Some candidates, in particular Rheum nobile and Carduus pycnocephalus , consistently decreased methane production without adversely affecting other parameters of the rumen fermentation.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops

TL;DR: A simple technique for the determination in vitro of the dry- or organic-matter digestibility of small (0·5 g) samples of dried forages is described, which involves incubation first with rumen liquor and then with acid pepsin.
Journal ArticleDOI

The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro

TL;DR: A rapid method for measuring gas production during incubation of feedingstuffs with rumen liquor in vitro was described and gas production in 24 h from 200 mg feed dry matter was well correlated with digestibility of organic matter, determined in vivo with sheep.
Journal ArticleDOI

A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation.

TL;DR: The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has a kinetic submodel that predicts ruminal fermentation and the protein-sparing effect of ionophores is accommodated by decreasing the rate of peptide uptake by 34%.
Journal ArticleDOI

Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods

TL;DR: In this paper, a method for gravimetric determination of tannins based on binding with insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI

Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle

TL;DR: The Hohenheimer gas production test has been adapted to describe the kinetics of fermentation based on the exponential model p = a + b(1 − e−ct) as mentioned in this paper.
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