Matching global cobalt demand under different scenarios for co-production and mining attractiveness
TLDR
In this paper, a multiregional input-output (MRIO) model for 20 world regions and 163 commodities was built from the EXIOBASE v2.2.0 multi-region supply and use table with the commodity technology construct.Abstract:
Many new and efficient technologies require ‘critical metals’ to function. These metals are often extracted as by-product of another metal, and their future supply is therefore dependent on mining developments of the host metal. Supply of critical metals can also be constrained because of political instability, discouraging mining policies, or trade restrictions. Scenario analyses of future metal supply that take these factors into account would provide policy makers with information about possible supply shortages. We provide a scenario analysis for demand and supply of cobalt, a potentially critical metal mainly used not only in high performance alloys but also in lithium-ion batteries and catalysts. Cobalt is mainly extracted as by-product of copper and nickel. A multiregional input–output (MRIO) model for 20 world regions and 163 commodities was built from the EXIOBASE v2.2.0 multiregional supply and use table with the commodity technology construct. This MRIO model was hybridized by disaggregating cobalt flows from the nonferrous metal sector. Future cobalt demand in different world regions from 2007 to 2050 was then estimated, assuming region- and sector-specific GDP growth, constant technology, and constant background import shares. A dynamic stock model of regional reserves for seven different types of copper, cobalt, and nickel resources, augmented with optimization-based region-specific mining capacity estimates, was used to determine future cobalt supply. The investment attractiveness index developed by the Fraser Institute specifically for mining industry entered the optimization routine as a measure of the regional attractiveness of mining. The baseline scenario shows no cobalt supply constraints over the considered time period 2007–2050, and recovering about 60 % of cobalt content of the copper and nickel ore flows would be sufficient to match global cobalt demand. When simulating a hypothetical sudden supply dropout in Africa during the period 2020–2035, we found that shortages in cobalt supply might occur in such scenarios.read more
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Input Output Analysis Foundations And Extensions
TL;DR: Thank you very much for reading input output analysis foundations and extensions, as many people have search hundreds of times for their chosen readings like this, but end up in infectious downloads.
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Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors track the metal content associated with compounds used in lithium-ion battery (LIB) and find that most of the key constituents, including manganese, nickel, and natural graphite, have sufficient supply to meet the anticipated increase in demand for LIBs.
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EXIOBASE 3: Developing a Time Series of Detailed Environmentally Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables
Konstantin Stadler,Richard Wood,Tatyana Bulavskaya,Carl-Johan Södersten,Moana Simas,Sarah Schmidt,Arkaitz Usubiaga,José Acosta-Fernández,Jeroen Kuenen,Martin Bruckner,Stefan Giljum,Stephan Lutter,Stefano Merciai,Jannick Højrup Schmidt,Michaela C. Theurl,Christoph Plutzar,Thomas Kastner,Nina Eisenmenger,Karl-Heinz Erb,Arjan de Koning,Arnold Tukker +20 more
TL;DR: This paper presents the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3-a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions.
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Lithium market research – global supply, future demand and price development
TL;DR: In this paper, a demand forecast up to 2020 is given in four different scenarios, including the increasing demand in electric mobility, forced by political driven influences, and huge lithium projects are planned or under construction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Shaping the World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. By Jan Tinbergen. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962. pp. xvii, 330. Index. 4.00, cloth.
TL;DR: In Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p. as mentioned in this paper
References
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Book
Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy
TL;DR: In Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p.
Input Output Analysis Foundations And Extensions
TL;DR: Thank you very much for reading input output analysis foundations and extensions, as many people have search hundreds of times for their chosen readings like this, but end up in infectious downloads.
Journal ArticleDOI
Integrated life-cycle assessment of electricity-supply scenarios confirms global environmental benefit of low-carbon technologies.
Edgar G. Hertwich,Thomas Gibon,Evert A. Bouman,Anders Arvesen,Sangwon Suh,Garvin Heath,Joseph D. Bergesen,Andrea Ramirez,Mabel Vega,Lei Shi +9 more
TL;DR: This paper presents the first global, integrated life-cycle assessment of the large-scale implementation of climate-mitigation technologies, addressing the feedback of the electricity system onto itself and using scenario-consistent assumptions of technical improvements in key energy and material production technologies.
Journal ArticleDOI
What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates
Thomas E. Graedel,Julian M. Allwood,Jean-Pierre Birat,Matthias Buchert,Christian Hagelüken,Barbara K. Reck,Scott F. Sibley,Guido Sonnemann +7 more
TL;DR: The recycling of metals is widely viewed as a fruitful sustainability strategy, but little information is available on the degree to which recycling is actually taking place as discussed by the authors, which is a concern.