Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies
TLDR
Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational studies, and seek to identify possible predictors of outcome and are useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes.Abstract:
Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational studies. Often these studies are the only practicable method of studying various problems, for example, studies of aetiology, instances where a randomised controlled trial might be unethical, or if the condition to be studied is rare. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, causes, and prognosis. Because they measure events in chronological order they can be used to distinguish between cause and effect. Cross sectional studies are used to determine prevalence. They are relatively quick and easy but do not permit distinction between cause and effect. Case controlled studies compare groups retrospectively. They seek to identify possible predictors of outcome and are useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes. They are often used to generate hypotheses that can then be studied via prospective cohort or other studies.read more
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Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework and some basic principles to promote a classification system for the most usual research designs in psychology based on three strategies (manipulative, as- sociative and descriptive) from which emerge different types of studies, three for manipulative strategy (experimental, quasi-experimental and sin- gle-case), three for associative strategy (comparative, predictive and expla- natory) and two for descriptive strategy (observational and selective).
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Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials.
TL;DR: An umbrella review of the evidence across meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised clinical trials investigating the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and 37 different health outcomes found a robust evidence for a reduced risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, overall cancer incidence, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes was found.
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Association of Age-Related Hearing Loss With Cognitive Function, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
David G. Loughrey,Michelle E. Kelly,Michelle E. Kelly,George A. Kelley,Sabina Brennan,Brian A. Lawlor,Brian A. Lawlor +6 more
TL;DR: Age-related hearing loss is a possible biomarker and modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, and dementia and a small but significant association was found within all domains of cognitive function.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inequities in access to health care in South Africa
Bronwyn Harris,Jane Goudge,John E. Ataguba,Diane McIntyre,Nonhlanhla Nxumalo,Siyabonga Jikwana,Matthew Chersich,Matthew Chersich +7 more
TL;DR: This article explored affordability, availability, and acceptability of services through a nationally representative household survey (n = 4668), covering utilization, health status, reasons for delaying care, perceptions and experiences of services, and health-care expenditure.
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Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales.
Melissa Chan,Henna Bhatti,Nicholas Meader,Sarah Stockton,Jonathan Evans,Rory C. O'Connor,Nav Kapur,Tim Kendall +7 more
TL;DR: The first systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of risk factors and risk assessment scales to predict suicide following self-harm found no scales have sufficient evidence to support their use and are unlikely to be of much practical use.
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