Risk Factors for Tuberculosis
TLDR
Emerging variables such as diabetes, indoor air pollution, alcohol, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and tobacco smoke play a significant role at both the individual and population level and specific groups such as health care workers and indigenous population are at an increased risk of TB infection and disease.Abstract:
The risk of progression from exposure to the tuberculosis bacilli to the development of active disease is a two-stage process governed by both exogenous and endogenous risk factors. Exogenous factors play a key role in accentuating the progression from exposure to infection among which the bacillary load in the sputum and the proximity of an individual to an infectious TB case are key factors. Similarly endogenous factors lead in progression from infection to active TB disease. Along with well-established risk factors (such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malnutrition, and young age), emerging variables such as diabetes, indoor air pollution, alcohol, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and tobacco smoke play a significant role at both the individual and population level. Socioeconomic and behavioral factors are also shown to increase the susceptibility to infection. Specific groups such as health care workers and indigenous population are also at an increased risk of TB infection and disease. This paper summarizes these factors along with health system issues such as the effects of delay in diagnosis of TB in the transmission of the bacilli.read more
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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990???2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Christopher J L Murray,Katrina F Ortblad,Caterina Guinovart,Stephen S Lim,Timothy M. Wolock,D. Allen Roberts,Emily Dansereau,Nicholas Graetz,Ryan M Barber,J Brown,Haidong Wang,Herbert C. Duber,Mohsen Naghavi,Daniel Dicker,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Joshua A. Salomon,Kyle R. Heuton,Kyle J Foreman,David Phillips,Thomas D. Fleming,Abraham D. Flaxman,Bryan K. Phillips,Elizabeth Johnson,Megan Coggeshall,Foad Abd-Allah,Semaw Ferede Abera,Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham,Ibrahim Abubakar,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tom Achoki,Austine Olufemi Adeyemo,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Emilie Agardh,Dickens Akena,Mazin J. Al Kahbouri,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Raghib Ali,François Alla,Peter J. Allen,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Adansi A. Amankwaa,Azmeraw T. Amare,Hassan Amini,Walid Ammar,Benjamin O. Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Johan Ärnlöv,Valentina Arsić Arsenijević,A Artaman,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Alaa Badawi,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Amitava Banerjee,Sanjay Basu,Justin Beardsley,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Eduardo Bernabé,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Aref A. Bin Abdulhak,Agnes Binagwaho,Jed D. Blore,Berrak Bora Basara,Dipan Bose,Michael Brainin,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ferrán Catalá-López,Vineet K. Chadha,Jung-Chen Chang,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Ting Wu Chuang,Mercedes Colomar,Leslie T. Cooper,Cyrus Cooper,Karen J. Courville,Benjamin C Cowie,Michael H. Criqui,Rakhi Dandona,Anand Dayama,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Kebede Deribe,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Samath D Dharmaratne,Uur Dilmen,Eric L. Ding,Tim Driscoll,Adnan M. Durrani,Richard G. Ellenbogen,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Alireza Esteghamati,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Daniel Obadare Fijabi,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Urbano Fra Paleo,Lynne Gaffikin,Amiran Gamkrelidze,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Katherine B Gibney,Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi,Elizabeth Glaser,Philimon Gona,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Harish Chander Gugnani,Rajeev Gupta,Rashmi Gupta,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Randah R. Hamadeh,Mouhanad Hammami,Graeme J. Hankey,Hilda L Harb,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,Ileana B. Heredia Pi,Hans W. Hoek,John Hornberger,H. Dean Hosgood,Peter J. Hotez,Damian G Hoy,Damian G Hoy,John J Huang,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Kaire Innos,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N. Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Guohong Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,Ida Kankindi,Nadim E. Karam,André Karch,Corine Karema,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Dhruv S. Kazi,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Maia Kereselidze,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Irma Khonelidze,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Luke D. Knibbs,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Soewarta Kosen,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Veena S. Kulkarni,Chanda Kulkarni,Kaushalendra Kumar,R. Kumar,G Anil Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Taavi Lai,Arjun Lakshmana Balaji,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Jongmin Lee,James Leigh,Mall Leinsalu,Ricky Leung,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima,Hsien-Ho Lin,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Paulo A. Lotufo,Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado,Jennifer H MacLachlan,Carlos Magis-Rodriguez,Marek Majdan,Christopher C. Mapoma,Wagner Marcenes,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Joseph R. Masci,Mohammad T Mashal,Amanda J. Mason-Jones,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Abigail C. McKay,Peter A. Meaney,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,Ted R. Miller,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Marcella Montico,Ami R. Moore,Rintaro Mori,Wilkister N. Moturi,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Kinnari S. Murthy,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Denis Nash,Chakib Nejjari,Robert G. Nelson,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Marie Ng,Muhammad Imran Nisar,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Vincent Nowaseb,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Saad B. Omer,John Nelson Opio,Orish Ebere Orisakwe,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Christina Papachristou,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,David M. Pereira,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Max Petzold,Farshad Pourmalek,Dima M. Qato,Amado D Quezada,D. Alex Quistberg,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Saleem M Rana,Homie Razavi,Robert Quentin Reilly,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Jan Hendrik Richardus,Luca Ronfani,Nobhojit Roy,Nsanzimana Sabin,Mohammad Yahya Saeedi,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Genesis May J. Samonte,Monika Sawhney,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,David C. Schwebel,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Edson Serván-Mori,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Kenji Shibuya,Hwashin Hyun Shin,Ivy Shiue,Rupak Shivakoti,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Andrea P. Silva,Edgar P. Simard,Jasvinder A. Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Karen Sliwa,Samir Soneji,Sergey Soshnikov,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Soumya Swaminathan,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Eric Y. Tenkorang,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Alan J Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Selen Begüm Uzun,Andrew Vallely,Tommi Vasankari,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Stephen G. Waller,Mitchell T. Wallin,Linhong Wang,Xiao Rong Wang,Yanping Wang,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Robert G. Weintraub,Ronny Westerman,Richard A. White,James D. Wilkinson,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,John Q. Wong,Gelin Xu,Yang Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Kim Yun Jin,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Maigeng Zhou,Jun Zhu,Xiao Nong Zou,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos +370 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.
Journal ArticleDOI
The global burden of tuberculosis: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Hmwe H Kyu,Emilie R Maddison,Nathaniel J Henry,John Everett Mumford,Ryan M Barber,Chloe Shields,J Brown,Grant Nguyen,Austin Carter,Timothy M. Wolock,Haidong Wang,Patrick Liu,Marissa B Reitsma,Jennifer M. Ross,Amanuel Alemu Abajobir,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Kaja Abbas,Mubarek Abera,Semaw Ferede Abera,Habtamu Abera Hareri,Muktar Beshir Ahmed,Kefyalew Addis Alene,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Joshua Amo-Adjei,Jason R. Andrews,Hossein Ansari,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Hamid Asayesh,Tesfay Mehari Atey,Sachin R Atre,Aleksandra Barac,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Isabela M. Benseñor,Addisu Shunu Beyene,Zahid A Butt,Pere Joan Cardona,Devasahayam J. Christopher,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Kebede Deribe,Amare Deribew,Rebecca Ehrenkranz,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Aman Yesuf Endries,Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa,Florian Fischer,Ruoyan Gai,Alberto L. García-Basteiro,Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot,Hailay Abrha Gesesew,Belete Getahun,Philimon Gona,Amador Goodridge,Harish Chander Gugnani,Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli,Gessessew Bugssa Hailu,Hamid Yimam Hassen,Esayas Haregot Hilawe,Nobuyuki Horita,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Jost B. Jonas,Amir Kasaeian,Muktar Sano Kedir,Laura Kemmer,Yousef Khader,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Abdullah T Khoja,Yun Jin Kim,Parvaiz A Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Kristopher J Krohn,G Anil Kumar,Michael Kutz,Rakesh Lodha,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Reza Majdzadeh,Tsegahun Manyazewal,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,Haftay Berhane Mezgebe,Shafiu Mohammed,Felix Akpojene Ogbo,In-Hwan Oh,Eyal Oren,Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman,David M. Pereira,Dietrich Plass,Farshad Pourmalek,Mostafa Qorbani,Anwar Rafay,Mahfuzar Rahman,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Puja C Rao,Sarah E Ray,Robert Reiner,Nickolas Reinig,Saeid Safiri,Joshua A. Salomon,Logan Sandar,Benn Sartorius,Morteza Shamsizadeh,Muki Shey,Desalegn Markos Shifti,Hirbo Shore,Jasvinder A. Singh,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Soumya Swaminathan,Scott J. Swartz,Fentaw Tadese,Bemnet Amare Tedla,Balewgizie Sileshi Tegegne,Belay Tessema,Roman Topor-Madry,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Olalekan A. Uthman,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Tolassa Wakayo,Solomon Weldegebreal,Ronny Westerman,Abdulhalik Workicho,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Marcel Yotebieng,Mohsen Naghavi,Simon I. Hay,Theo Vos,Christopher J L Murray +130 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed trends in the fatal and non-fatal burden of tuberculosis over the past 25 years for 195 countries and territories, and assessed how observed tuberculosis incidence, prevalence and mortality differed from expected trends as predicted by the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator based on income per capita, average years of schooling and total fertility rate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biological differences between the sexes and susceptibility to tuberculosis.
TL;DR: Evidence that biological differences between the sexes may also be important and can affect susceptibility to mycobacterial infection is discussed, with particular focus on how sex hormones modulate the immune responses necessary for resistance to tuberculosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV).
Raquel Duarte,Knut Lönnroth,Cristina Carvalho,F. G. C. Lima,Anna Cristina Calçada Carvalho,Marcela Muñoz-Torrico,Rosella Centis +6 more
TL;DR: The effects of socio-economic determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV) on TB infection and disease are summarized.
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