Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance
Ian Chopra,Marilyn C. Roberts +1 more
TLDR
Changing the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if this class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials through the present century is to continue to be used.Abstract:
Tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. They are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. The first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, Shigella dysenteriae, was isolated in 1953. Tetracycline resistance now occurs in an increasing number of pathogenic, opportunistic, and commensal bacteria. The presence of tetracycline-resistant pathogens limits the use of these agents in treatment of disease. Tetracycline resistance is often due to the acquisition of new genes, which code for energy-dependent efflux of tetracyclines or for a protein that protects bacterial ribosomes from the action of tetracyclines. Many of these genes are associated with mobile plasmids or transposons and can be distinguished from each other using molecular methods including DNA-DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and DNA sequencing. A limited number of bacteria acquire resistance by mutations, which alter the permeability of the outer membrane porins and/or lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, change the regulation of innate efflux systems, or alter the 16S rRNA. New tetracycline derivatives are being examined, although their role in treatment is not clear. Changing the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if we are to continue to use this class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials through the present century.read more
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References
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The Effect of Changes in the Consumption of Macrolide Antibiotics on Erythromycin Resistance in Group A Streptococci in Finland
Helena Seppälä,Timo Klaukka,Jaana Vuopio-Varkila,Anna Muotiala,Hans Helenius,Katrina Lager,Pentti Huovinen +6 more
TL;DR: In Finland, after nationwide reductions in the use of macrolide antibiotics for outpatient therapy, there was a significant decline in the frequency of erythromycin resistance among group A streptococci isolated from throat swabs and pus samples.
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TL;DR: Whether the normal physiological role of the multidrug efflux systems is to protect the cell from toxic compounds or whether they fulfil primary functions unrelated to drug resistance and only efflux multiple drugs fortuitously or opportunistically is discussed.
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Interaction of antibiotics with functional sites in 16S ribosomal RNA
Danesh Moazed,Harry F. Noller +1 more
TL;DR: Chemical footprinting shows that several classes of antibiotics protect concise sets of highly conserved nucleotides in 16S ribosomal RNA when bound to ribosomes, having strong implications for the mechanism of action of these antibiotics and for the assignment of functions to specific structural features of 16S rRNA.
Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: Since their discovery, antimicrobial drugs have proved remarkably effective for the control of bacterial infections, however, it was soon evident that bacterial pathogens were unlikely to surrender unconditionally, because some pathogens rapidly became resistant to many of the first effective drugs.