The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
TLDR
The question of whether clumsiness may be, at least in part, attributed to dysfunction of the basal ganglia is discussed in the context of the differential, complementary, or interactive roles of theBasal ganglia and the cerebellum in the development of motor control.Abstract:
This paper briefly reviews the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia and their relationships with the thalamocortical system. The basal ganglia, including the striatum, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, are involved in a number of parallel, functionally segregated cortical-subcortical circuits. These circuits support a wide range of sensorimotor, cognitive and emotional-motivational brain functions. A main role of the basal ganglia is the learning and selection of the most appropriate motor or behavioral programs. The internal functional organization of the basal ganglia is very well suited for such selection mechanisms, both in development and in adulthood. The question of whether clumsiness may be, at least in part, attributed to dysfunction of the basal ganglia is discussed in the context of the differential, complementary, or interactive roles of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum in the development of motor control.read more
Citations
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Opposing patterns of signaling activation in dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing striatal neurons in response to cocaine and haloperidol.
Jesus Bertran-Gonzalez,Clémentine Bosch,Matthieu Maroteaux,Miriam Matamales,Denis Hervé,Emmanuel Valjent,Jean-Antoine Girault +6 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that cocaine and haloperidol specifically activate signaling pathways in two completely segregated populations of striatal output neurons, providing direct evidence for the selective mechanisms by which these drugs exert their long-term effects.
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Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: a challenge for neuroscience and medicine.
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Behavioral functions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system: an affective neuroethological perspective.
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Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action-outcome learning in instrumental conditioning.
TL;DR: These experiments provide the first direct evidence that, in instrumental conditioning, NMDARs in the dorsomedial striatum are involved in encoding action–outcome associations.
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The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior.
TL;DR: The evidence for direct genetic effects in behavioral and brain sex differences is reviewed, including the 'four core genotypes' model and sex differences in the midbrain dopaminergic system, specifically focusing on the role of Sry.
References
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Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal Ganglia and Cortex
TL;DR: The basal ganglia serve primarily to integrate diverse inputs from the entire cerebral cortex and to "funnel" these influences, via the ventrolateral thalamus, to the motor cortex.
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Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons
TL;DR: Dopamine systems may have two functions, the phasic transmission of reward information and the tonic enabling of postsynaptic neurons.
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Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin
TL;DR: This paper describes the changes in neuronal activity in the motor circuit in animal models of hypo- and hyperkinetic disorders and postulates specific disturbances within the basal ganglia-thalamocortical 'motor' circuit.
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Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
TL;DR: Recent neurophysiological studies reveal that neurons in certain brain structures carry specific signals about past and future rewards, and the optimal use of rewards in voluntary behavior would benefit from interactions between the signals.
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The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs.
TL;DR: The hypothesis states that the basal ganglia do not generate movements, and when voluntary movement is generated by cerebral cortical and cerebellar mechanisms, the basal Ganglia act broadly to inhibit competing motor mechanisms that would otherwise interfere with the desired movement.